| Question | Answer |
| what are the two parts of the digestive system | *accessory glands
*alimentary canal(mouth to anus) |
| what are the accessory glands of the digestive system | *salivary glands
*liver
*gallbladder
*pancreas |
| salivary glands | any of the three glands near the oral cavity that secrete saliva |
| *largest solid organ of the body, located in the RUQ
*produces bile | liver |
| *blue/gray sac attached to the to the under side of hte liver
*has a capacity of apprx. 50ml
*holds bile | gallbladder |
| *exocrine and endocrine organ
*exocrine function includes the secretion of *enzymes that help digest food and neutralize acid in the stomach
*pancreatic juice | pacreas |
| what are the divisions of the alimentary canal | *mouth
*pahrynx
*esophagus
*stomach
*small intestine
*large intestine(terminates at anus) |
| *extends from the diaphragm to bony pelvis
*consist of abdominal and pelvic cavities | abdominopelvic cavity |
| what is contained in the abdominal cavity | *stomach
*small intestines
*large intestines
*liver
*gallbladder
*spleen
*pancreas
*kidneys |
| what is contained in the pelvic cavity | *rectum
*sigmoid
*urinary bladder
*reproductive organs |
| what are the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity | *right and left hyperchondrium
-epigastrium
*right and left lateral
-umbilical
*right and left inguinal
-hypogastrium |
| double layered membrane that surrounds organs of digestion | peritoneum |
| parietal peritoneum | lines abdominal wall |
| visceral peritoneum | surrounds organs |
| serous filled cavity that surrounds organs abdominal cavity
-contains 50ml of serous fluid | parietal cavity |
| anchors organs and acts as conduit for vessels and nerves | messentery |
| structures that are retroperitoneal | -urinary system
-most of reproductive system
-inferior portion of esophagus |
| what are the two parts that make up the messentery | -omentum
*greater omentum
*lesser omentum
-mesocolon |
| attaches greater curverature of stomach to transverse colon | greater omentum |
| attaches lesser curverature of stomach to liver | lesser omentum |
| from transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall | mesocolon |
| cavity within a hollow organ | lumen |
| round muscle(opening of hollow organ) | sphincter |
| wavelike movement of wall of hollow organ | peristalsis |
| churning or mixing motion of stomach to break down food | segmentation |
| narrowing of a lumen | stenosis |
| absence of an opening | atresia |
| what are the four layers of the digestive wall tract | 1. serous
2. muscular
3. submucosal
4. mucosal |
| outermost layer of digestive tract, part of visceral peritoneum. also called adventitia layer | serous layer |
| second layer of digestive tract, responsible for peristalsis. there are circular and longitudinal varieties | muscular layer |
| third layer of digestive tract, contains vessels | submucosal layer |
| innermost or 4th layer, epithelial layer (absorbion and secretion) | mucosal layer |
| what layer of tissue is the esophagus missing and what is in place of it | -serous layer
-connective tissue |
| what are the six substances that are required to meet bodily requirements | -carbs
-fats
-mineral
-protein
-vitamins
-water |
| ingestion | consumption |
| mastication | chewing |
| deglutation | swallowing |
| breaking down of food | digestion |
| passage of nutrients into blood | absorbtion |
| what are the divisions of the mouth | -oral vestibule
-oral cavity |
| between the teeth and the cheek | oral vestibule |
| hollow space behind teeth(communicates with pharynx) | oral cavity or mouth proper |
| what anatomy makes up the "mouth" | -oral vestibule
-oral cavity, or mouth proper
-hard palate
-soft palate
-uvula
-tonsil
-tongue
-sublingual space
-frenulum of toungue |
| made up of maxilla and palantine | hard palate |
| -folded epithelial tissue
-partission between naso and oropharynx | soft palate |
| small spindulous cone at back of soft palate | uvula |
| mass of lymph tissue in the mucous membrane of the pharynx and base of the tongue | tonsil |
| what is the strongest single muscle in the body | tongue |
| space under the tongue | sublingual space |
| what attaches the tongue | frenulum |
| what are the accessories of mastication | teeth |
| what are the three pairs of salivary glands | -parotid
-submandibular
-sublingual |
| what enzyme is found in saliva | amylase/ptyalin |
| the largest of the salivary glands, found in front of the ear running from the mandibular rami to the mastoid process | parotid gland |
| what is the name to the duct of the parotid gland | stenson |
| salivary gland that is found under the floor of the mouth, running from the 1st molar to the angle of the mandible | submandibular |
| what is the name to the duct of the submandibular gland | wharton |
| the smallest salviary gland, found in front of submandibular gland | sublingual gland |
| what is the name of the duct of the sublingual gland | sublingual duct |
| what do you call a radiographic exam of the salivary glands and their ducts(using contrast) | sailography |
| what are the modalities of choice for sailography | -CT
-MRI |
| what pathologies could be demonstrated using sailography | -inflammatory lesions
-tumors
-fistulas
-diverticula
-strictures
-calculi |
| how many salivary gland can be examined at once using sailography | one |
| what are the steps of the sailography exam | -prelim images
-pt is given lemons to dilate ducts
-contrast is given
-fluoro and radiographs are performed
-lemons are given again to evacuate contras
-radiographs are taken again |
| what are the divisions of the pharynx | -nasopharynx
-orapharynx
-laryngopharynx |
| what is the opening in the diaphragm that the esophagus passes through called | esophageal hiatus |
| how long is the esophagus | 25 cm |
| what are the layer of the esophagus | -muscular
-submucosal
-mucosal |
| what is the location of the esophagus | -posterior to the trachea
-originates at C6 and passes through diaphragm at T9 and ends at the stomach at level of T10 |
| bellowing out of the esophagus where it meets the stomach | cardiac antrum |
| opening between the esophagus and the stomach(controlled by a sphincter of the same name) | cardiac orifice |
| achalaysia | cardiac sphincter doesnt open when it should |
| large diverticulum at distal portion of the esophagus | zenchers pouch/diverticulum |
| which quadrant is the stomach located in | LUQ |
| the stomach is what shape | J shaped |
| where does the stomach empty into | duodenum |
| what gastric enzymes are secreted in the stomach | -pepsin
-rennin
-gastrin |
| what are the fold of the stomach that make up its mucosal layer called | rugae |
| what is another name for the serous layer | adventicia layer |
| what are the four parts of the stomach | -cardia *cardiac orfice *cardiac sphincter -fundus -body -pyloric portion *pyloric antrum *pyloric canal *pyloric orifice(opening between stomach and duodenum) *pyloric sphincter |
| the curvature on the right side of stomach | lesser |
| curvature on left side of stomach | greater |
| part of stomach name for its proximity to the heart | cardiac notch |
| located in the abdominopelvic cavity, it is 22ft long and is divided into three sections | small intestines |
| what are the three divisions of the small intestine | -duodenum
-jejunum
-illeum |
| what are the circular folds of the jejunum called(feather like appearance) | plica circularis |
| the villi and plica circularis of the small intestine perform what function | -provide more surface area
-absorbtion |
| smallest portion of the small intestine, 8-10 inches long, and has 4 regions; superior, descending, horizontal, and ascending | duodenum |
| second portion of small intestine, 9ft long | jejunum |
| last section of small intestine, 13ft long, has a valve between it and the cecum | ileum |
| what is the valve between the ileum and the cecum called | ileocecal valve |
| a congenital sac or blind pouch found in the lower portion of the ileum, causing extreme abdominal pain | meckel's divertivulum |
| caused by TB and unpastuarized milk | peyer's patch |
| painful development of bleeding ulcers, can affect from mouth to anus, similar to ulcerative cholitis | chrohn's disease |
| 5ft long, begins in the RLQ at the ileocecal valve and finishes at the anus | large intestine |
| what is the function of large intestine | -reabsorption of fluids
-elimination of waste |
| what are the parts of the large intestine | -cecum
-ascending colon
-right colic(hepatic) flexure
-transverse colon
-left colic(splenic)flexure
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum
-anal canal and anus |
| blind like pouch portion of the large intestine, below the junction of the ileum and colon | cecum |
| -located in descending duodenum
-connects biliary system with small intestine | -ampulla of vater |
| sphincter that controls ampulla of vater | sphincter of oddi |
| -found in the ascending colon
-holds duodenum in place | angle of treitz |
| about 15cm/6in, last section of colon, has both an internal and external sphincter(one is voluntary) | rectum |
| sacs of colon that give segmented look | haustra |
| longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle, which contracts to create haustra | taeniae coli |
| inflamation of appendix | appendicitis |
| inflamitoy bowel disease | ulcerative cholitis |
| lots of tiny diverticular in colon wall | diverticular disease |
| cholelithiasis | stones in the gallbladder |
| both endocrine and exocrine, exocrine function is the production of sugar regulating hormones | pancreas |
| nest of cells that secret insulin and glucogon | islets of langerhans |
| cholecyst | bile/bag |
| pear shaped, located under liver, stimulated by CCK to contract and release bile | gallbladder |
| weighs 3lbs, mainly found in the RUQ, consist of two lobes | liver |
| what are the two lobes of the liver | right and left |
| what are the two subdivisions of the right lobe of the liver | -caudate
-quadrate |
| seperates the two lobes of the liver | falciform ligament |
| network of small blood vessels and connective tissue that forms capsule around liver | capsule of gibson |
| the liver has a blank blood supply | dual |
| produces bile and filters poisons | liver |
| includes the liver, gallbladder, pancreas. produces, stores and delivers bile | billiary system |
| made up of right and left hepatic ducts | common hepatic duct |
| connects at the top of the gallbladder's neck to the common hepatic duct, it then joins the bile duct and pancreatic duct before dumping into the duodenum | cystic duct |
| pancreatic duct is also called what | duct of whirsong |
| what is CCK | hormone release in the duodenum of small intestine, which stimulates the gallbladder to release bile as well as the pancreas to release pancreatic juice to aid in digestion |
