| Question | Answer |
| Vigor + persistence of goal directed behavior.
Helps move us toward our goal(s). | Motivation |
| Motivation plays a significant role in adaptation; social need to affiliate, share resources, provide protection, procreation. | Evolutionary Theory |
| 1) homeostasis
2) hunger/food
3) hypothalamus | Biological Human Needs/Motivation |
| Tendency for body (person) to want to maintain a state of constancy. | Homeostasis |
| Normal body temp. = 98.6.
If you get too cold your body shivers, if you get too hot your body sweats. | Homeostasis |
| Energy is necessary for maintenance and growth.
Search for a balanced diet. | Hunger/food |
| Body is hard wired to want/need vitamins, protein or fruit. | Hunger/food |
| Primary structure of brain which signals hunger and satiation (fullness). | Hypothalamus |
| 1) lateral
2) ventromedial | Hypothalamus |
| Near side.
turns hunger "on".
stimulation yields increased eating.
lesion or damage can cause starvation.
lesion = lean | Lateral -- hypothalamus |
| lower, middle.
stimulation stops eating.
lesion or damage can cause excessive eating
lesion = fat rat | Ventromedial -- hypothalamus |
| 1) biological
2) social
3) psychological | Factors that impact eating behaviors |
| genetics influence metabolism.
bodily sensations: growl, distension.
chemical signals to body.
genetic mapping of "obesity genes" -- over 200 weight related genes. | biological factors that impact eating behaviors |
| environmental influences on eating behaviors.
complex and multiply determined.
eat more in groups "only so much there so I need to get my share".
expectation and memory of meals
palatability
social interactions | social factors that impact eating behaviors |
| study with amnesia patients who often ate 3rd lunch if offered to them + non-amnesia patients refused the other lunches. | Expectation and memory of meals (social factor that impact eating behaviors) |
| often we eat only to enjoy the taste sensations. | Palatability (social factor that impact eating behaviors) |
| "lets go out to dinner!" -- we eat for social reasons.....to celebrate. | Social Interactions (social factor that impact eating behaviors) |
| Thinking about food and what it "means".
learned food habits/preferences.
memories associated with food.
belief and feelings regarding body image.
cultural variations.
food as a "substitute" for love, sex. | Psychological factors that impact eating behaviors |
| What we're exposed to is what we become comfortable with, society has learned that after a meal you get dessert. | Learned food habits/preferences -- (psychological factor that impact eating behaviors) |
| Robust = higher class and therefore could afford food. | Cultural Variations -- (psychological factor that impact eating behaviors) |
| Body weight >30% of expected body weight based on height. | Obesity |
| 35.6% obese | women |
| 33.3% obese | men |
| 31.9% obese | kids |
| BMI: 25-29.9 | Overweight |
| BMI >30 | Obese |
| 1) increased high fat/easily accessible junk food
2) increased portion size
3) increased sedentary lifestyle | 3 Main reasons for Obesity Rate in the U.S. |
| 1) heart disease
2) type 2 diabetes
3) cancer
4) hypertension
5) stroke
6) sleep apnea
7) respiratory problems | Health Risks of Obesity |
| Self-starvation resulting in loss of 20-50% of body fat.
Fall to less than 15% body fat overall. | Anorexia |
| Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimal normal weight for age + height. | Anorexia |
| Bodyweight less than _____ of the expected weight is considered minimal? | 85% |
| peak age 14-18.
more common in females.
6% fatality rate.
cultural variations in diagnosis.
distorted self-perception. | Anorexia characteristics |
| anxiety regarding maturation.
difficulty expressing aggression in high achieving families (often bright+capable).
hard to treat since patients don't see it as a problem.
males increasing "obligatory runner" | Theories for Anorexia |
| Repeated episodes of binging follow by self-induced vomiting.
Laxative or enemas. | Bulimia |
| 1-3% of teenage girls.
significant shame component.
more treatable because see problems.
normal weight ranges. | Binge/Purge disorder |
| ulcers
hernias
hair loss
dental damage
electrolyte imbalances | Bulimia health risks |
| Preference for those of same or opposite sex.
Heterosexual, bisexual, homosexual. | Sexuality |
| Survey that wasn't very effective but a good start? | Kisney Survey |
| Identified sexual behaviors/preferences.
Self-reported data (bias issues).
Limited validity.
Important beginning for research. | Kisney Survey |
| ________ of twins have the same sexual orientation? | 50% |
| Need to understand actual sexual responses.
Need direct systematic observations/measures (watch people have sex).
Subjects: 1st prostitutes (question generalizability...non-normative sample).
From general public --- age 18-92 (382 men/312 women). | Masters + Johnson |
| Need be connected/related with others. | Need for Affiliation |
| Proposed 4 functions we strive to affiliate. | Hill |
| 1) obtain + stimulation in our lives
2) get emotional support
3) get attention
4) permit social comparison | 4 functions we strive to affiliate. |
| This need varies by person.
This need is increased when we are put into scary situations. | Need to Affiliate |
| What makes us want to succeed?
What drives us to seek + reach goals?
Basic human motive to achieve. | Achievement Motivation |
| thrill at mastery, sense of achievement. | motivation by success |
| fear of performing badly, increases anxiety. | motivation by fear of failure |
| Believed there are optimal levels of anxiety/performance. | Yerkes + Dodson |
| TAT | Thematic Apperception Test |
| Used TAT to study achievement motivation even though he didn't create it. | McClelland |
| Who developed the TAT? | Murray |
| Projective test looks at themes of achievement. | TAT |
| Subjects are given a picture and have to create a story based on the image. | TAT |
| People high in motivation tend to work harder and more persistently, more future oriented, able to delay gratification for long term goals. | TAT |
| Related to emotional motivation? | Achievement Motivation |
| Components:
1) Cognitive
2) Physiological
3) Behavioral | Emotion |
| Subjective conscious experience.
Includes an "appraisal" or evaluation of the situation. | Cognitive |
| Bodily arousal accompanies feeling states, fight or flight, asses with GSR/Polygraph (measures hear rate, bodily temp.) | Physiological |
| records autonomic fluctuations --- can tell if someone is lying (when lying there are changes in their physiological state). | Polygraph tests |
| NOT always accurate --- sensitive to those with high anxiety + hard to detect liars who are very comfortable with lying. | Faults with Polygraph tests |
| Characteristic overt expressions of emotion. | Behavioral |
| body language + facial expressions.
YES! smiling! jumping up and down with excitement! | Behavioral |
| 1) happiness
2) sadness
3) anger
4) fear
5) surprise
6) disgust | 6 Basic Emotions |
| Belief that facial expressions themselves can't control emotion BUT instead tell us how we're feeling. | Facial Feedback Proponents |
| Norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions; culturally determined. | Display Rules |
| Examples: nod of approval acceptable in U.S. rather than jumping up and down if you get a grade back in a class. | Display Rules |
| 1) James-Lang
2) Cannon-Bard
3) Schachter's 2 Factor | Theories of Emotion |
| Conscious experience of emotion results from perception of arousal.
"I'm scared BECAUSE I'm running" | James-Lang Theory |
| Cognitive interpretations of a situation and response occur at the same time.
Happens when brain sends out chemical signals.
"I am running away AND feeling scared" | Cannon-Bard Theory |
| People use 2 factors to identify emotion: physiological arousal + cognitive interpretation.
Search environment for an explanation for reactions.
Look for external cues to help label emotions. | Schachter's 2 Factor Theory |
| Example: see bear and start to sweat. | Physiological arousal |
| Example: OMG, I'm scared of the bear. | Cognitive Interpretation |
