| Question | Answer |
| Negative effects of stress | Extreme or prolonged stress / Risky decision making and unhealthy behaviors |
| Strengthening self-control | practice in overcoming unwanted urges |
| Internal locus of control | people control their own fate / free will, willpower, and self-control |
| Catastrophes | large-scale disasters (COVID, wildfires) / acculturative stress (changing in society) |
| Duration of emotions is? | overestimated |
| Faith factor | religiously active people tend to live longer than inactive people / women are more religiously active than men and outlive them |
| The fight-or-flight response initiated by the sympathetic service system is responsible for all of the following physiological responses EXCEPT _______. | pupil contraction |
| Relentless Bombardment | constant questions; "Take our survey" -- "Like us on Facebook" -- "do you text? Have GroupMe...Hangouts...Indeed?" |
| Phase 3: Exhaustion | reserves depleted |
| Core features of happiness | good life the engages one's skills; meaningful life that extends beyond self (EXTENDS BEYOND SELF)/positive traits that focus on exploring and enhancing a wide range of behaviors (ENHANCING BEHAVIORS)/positive groups, communities, and cultures (SOCIAL) |
| Biofeedback (reducing stress) | feedback from own body / recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about subtle physiological responses (many of which are controlled by the autonomic nervous system) / works best on tension headaches |
| Emotion-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and by attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction |
| T lymphocytes | attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances (like bad food) |
| Problem -focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress directly -- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor |
| Optimists | expect to have more control, to cope better with stressful events, and to enjoy better health / tends to run in families (genetic) |
| Bigger than Life Phenomenon | exaggeration of events; Rain Event -- Severe Weather Center -- Pandemic... WORD CHOICE SETS THE TONE |
| External locus of control | chance or outside forces control fate / posttraumatic stress symptoms |
| Three types of Stressors | Catastrophes, Significant life changes, daily hassles |
| Relative deprivation | happiness is relative to the success of others |
| What does stress have ability of doing? | reduce the ability to fight disease (alters immune functioning that reduces the ability to resist infection) |
| Cancer (Stress) | stress DOES NOT create cancer cells |
| B lymphocytes | fight bacterial infections |
| Anger management strategies | wait, find healthy distractions or support, and distance yourself |
| What Meditation Does (reducing stress) | reduces suffering / improves awareness, insight and compassion |
| Adaptation-level phenomenon | happiness is relative to our own experience |
| Positive psychology (Seligman) | feel-good, do-good phenomenon / subjective well-being |
| Positive effects of stress | Short-lived or perceived as challenge / immune system mobilization; motivation; resilience |
| What affects well-being? | emotional ups and down of days and within-days rebound (rebounding from worse events takes longer; even tragedy is not permanently depressing) |
| William James defined will as a combination of attention and ______. | effort |
| Perceived loss of control | losing personal control provokes stress hormone output / rising stress hormone levels related to blood pressure increase and immune response decreases |
| Learned helplessness | argue to stay helpless / uncontrollable bad events -> perceived lack of control -> generalized helpless behavior |
| Operations that can be performed on the will | train the will (practice / causing you to focus) / strengthen the will (becomes stronger) / surrender the will (give away (no longer need to do it)) |
| Depleting self-control | Depletion effect |
| Benefits of exercise (reducing stress) | adds to quality of life (moderate) / helps fight heart disease and reduce heart attack risk / predictor of life satisfaction / reduces depression and anxiety |
| What happens in the brain as mindfulness is practiced? | strengthens connections among regions in our brain / activates brain regions associated with more reflective awareness / calms brain activation in emotional situations |
| Optimistic students | tend to get better grades / respond to setbacks with more productive strategies |
| Fear Everything | constant fear made from society + media; Control Nothing -- Climate Change -- Pharmaceuticals Onslaught -- Pandemic -- Financial Trepidation... |
| Aerobic exercise (reducing stress) | sustained, oxygen-consuming exertion that increases heart and lung fitness |
| Daily hassles | compounded by prejudice and life circumstances / psychological and physical consequences |
| Natural killer cells (NK cells) | attack diseased cells |
| What can lead to better health? | healthy behaviors, social support, positive emotions -- hope/optimism/coherence |
| Gender differences in coping strategies | earlier death (grief), tend-and-befriend response (women seem to be better at this than men), withdrawal (go away from circumstance) |
| Coping | alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods |
| Mindfulness meditation | relaxation and silent attendance to inner space; monitored breathing / linked with lessened anxiety and depression, as well as improved sleep, interpersonal relationships, and immune system functioning |
| Possible responses to bodily intruders | B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, Microphage cells (big eaters), Natural killer cells (NK cells) |
| Research-based findings about the health benefits of social support | calms and reduces blood pressure and stress hormones / fosters stronger immune functioning / provides an opportunity to confide painful feelings |
| Microphage cells (big eaters) | attack harmful invaders and worn-out cells |
| Stress occurs when: | an external, or occasionally internal, force of some kind acts upon a specific object or being |
| What state of mind is created when we experience a series of bad events and develop feelings of passive resignation? | Learned helplessness |
| Hans Selye (Stress response system) | general adaptation syndrome (GAS) / human body copes well with temporary stress but may be damaged by prolonged stress |
| Social isolation | leads to higher loneliness and risk of death equivalent to smoking |
| Inflammation (Stress) | blood vessel inflammation (stress increases) |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | Phase 1: Alarm reaction / Phase 2: Resistance / Phase 3: Exhaustion |
| Social support | feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family / promotes happiness and health |
| Health psychology | subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine |
| Relaxation (reducing stress) | helps alleviate headaches, hypertension, anxiety, and insomnia / lowers stress / promotes better wound healing |
| Resiliency is? | underestimated |
| Which branch of health psychology focuses on mind-body interactions? | psychoneuroimmunology |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health (learn how to balance) |
| Self-control | ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for longer-term rewards / predicts good health, higher income, and better school performance |
| Stress | process of appraising and responding to a threatening or challenging event (includes stressor and stress reaction) |
| What are some components of stress? | elastic tension, stretching, and expansion |
| Walter Cannon (Stress response system) | Stress response is part of a unified mind-body system / fight-or-flight adaptive response |
| Phase 2: Resistance | cope with stressor |
| Phase 1: Alarm reaction | mobilize resources |
| Catharsis (emotional release) (anger management) | tends to fail to cleanse rage, can magnify anger (behavior feedback research), backfire potential |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of stressors? | Bad season climate |
| Will | combination of attention [focusing consciousness] and effort [ overcoming inhibitions, distractions and laziness] |
| Significant life changes | life transitions (when parents have kids and kids move out for college) / cluster of crises (many different problems) |
| What is the Dalai Lama is trying to teach? | external stress -> internal (not really external if you can make it internal) / clear up your mind and take care of your mental health / unify / FIND PEACE OF MIND / be kind and don't judge based on one's external features / OPEN YOUR EYES AND MIND |
| Heart Disease (Stress) | coronary heart disease, type A personality, type B personality (stress increases) |
| Individualist cultures (anger management) | venting rage |
