| Question | Answer |
| Integumentary | Skin
aka Exocrine System
Epidermis - superficial layer (outer layer)
Dermis - medial layer
Hypodermis - deep layer (under layer)
the set of organs forming the outermost layer of the body. |
| Organ Systems of the Body
(the main 11) | Integumentary (skin)
Skeletal
Muscle
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive |
| Endocrine System | Secrete regulatory hormones such as: growth, reproduction, metabolism |
| Lymphatic System | A system of tubes and node that are part of the immune system
Return fluids to the blood vessels
Disposes of debris
Involved with immunity |
| Thoracic Duct | A main duct of the lymphatic system |
| Ureter | Two tubes that connect kidneys to the bladder.
Transports urine. |
| Superior | A direction toward the head or upper areas
aka Cranial or Cephalad |
| Cranial | A direction toward the head or upper areas
aka Superior or Cephalad |
| Inferior | A direction toward the feet or lower areas
aka Caudal (tail) |
| Caudal | A direction toward the feet or lower areas
Means "tail"
aka Interior |
| Anterior | The front or toward the front
aka Ventral
Remember:
AM
Antechamber |
| Ventral | The front or toward the front
aka Anterior
Latin for “belly" |
| Posterior | The back or toward the back
aka Dorsal |
| Dorsal | The back or toward the back
aka Posterior
Dorsum is Latin for “back.” |
| Medial | Middle or toward the middle |
| Lateral | Away from the midline |
| Intermediate | Between a more medial and more lateral.
Example: Armpits are Intermediate to the breastbone and the shoulder |
| Proximal | Closer to their point of attachment.
Used on appendages that are free on one end and attached at the other. Such as arms and legs
The opposite of Distal. |
| Distal | Further away from their point of attachment.
Used on appendages that are free on one end and attached at the other. Such as arms and legs
The opposite of Proximal |
| Superficial | Closer to the surface.
Opposite of Deep. |
| Deep | Further away from the surface.
Opposite of Superficial |
| The Anatomical Position | The standard way to display the human body.
Standing upright with arms down and THUMBS OUT (palms forward).
Note that we always use Left and Right of the patient (not your L and R) |
| The Body Planes | A standard way of slicing the body into two parts.
There are three standard 90 degree planes:
Sagittal - dives the R and L sides (remember S for sides)
Coronal - dives the anterior from the posterior.
Transverse - dives the superior from th |
| Sagittal Plane | One of the three 90 degree standard planes of the body.
Divides the body into left and right Side (remember S for Side)
The Midsagittal is a special Sagittal plane. It is centered on the nose. |
| Coronal Plane | One of the three 90 degree standard planes of the body.
The Coronal Plane slices the body into a Anterior (front) and a Posterior (back) |
| Transverse Plane | One of the three 90 degree standard planes of the body.
The Transverse plan divides the body into a Superior (upper) and an Inferior (lower) (belt or Guillotine) |
| Body Cavities
(the main 5) | There are 5 main body cavities
Cranial
Spinal
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic |
| Abdominopelvic Quadrants | The four quadrants of the belly region centered approximately on the belly button.
Right Upper
Left Upper
Right Lower
Left Lower |
| Oblique | A slice through the body that divides it into 2 parts but is not one of the 3 standard 90 degree slices.
Oblique means off angle |
| Foramen Magnum | a large, oval-shaped opening in the occipital bone of the skull
one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull
The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla oblongata, passes through it
Latin: great hole |
| Adduction | The movement of a body part toward the body’s midline.
Hint: Add -> adding to the body |
| Abduction | Any motion of the limbs or other body parts that pulls away from the midline of the body.
Swinging the hands from the side of the body up to the shoulder or higher is abduction.
Hit: Abduct is to take away |
| Prone | Lying on their belly (face down) |
| Supine | Lying on their back (face up)
Hint: Can see the PINE trees |
| Aspiration | Inhalling into the lungs |
| Pneumothorax | Air in the chest cavity between the chest wall and the lungs |
| Dorsalis Pedis Artery (DPA) | the principal dorsal artery of the foot.
A pulse point on top of the foot (not as useful as Posterior Tibial)
It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. |
| Posterior Tibial Artery | Back of the Tibia
Pulse point on medial side of the foot, intermediate to ankle and heel
Tibia is on the inside! |
| Hemostasis | Stopping of a flow of blood (Blood Stop) |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | a normally clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows in and around your brain and spinal cord |
| Rostral | Anatomical direction meaning toward the nose
Mostly a veterinarian directional term |
| Bilateral | Affecting both sides |
| Circumfrential | Extending around a structure |
| Extension | Extend |
| Flexion | Bend |
| Fowler Position | Sitting on a bed with back raise 45-60 degrees. Knees slightly bent. |
| Palmer | Concerning the palms of the hands |
| Peripheal | Away from the center of the body |
| Pronate | turn or hold (a hand, foot, or limb) so that the palm or sole is facing downward or inward. Thumbs in.
Hands in the Anatomical Position are NOT Pronated |
| Supinate | turn or hold (a hand, foot, or limb) so that the palm or sole is facing upward or outward. Thumbs out.
Hands in the Anatomical Position are Supinated |
| Trendelenburg Position | Lying supine with legs elevated about the level of the head. |
| Homeostasis | Tenedncy toward stable equalibrium |
| Gallbladder - location quadrant | RUQ |
| Appendix - location quadrant | RLQ |
| Spleen - location quadrant | LUQ |
| Pancreas - location quadrant | LUQ |
| Small Intestines - location | Mostly below the Transumbilical plane |
| Costal Cartilage | Cartilage connecting ribs to the sternum
Costal = related to the ribs |
| Three types of bone | Long – humerus, tibia, fibula, femur ulna, radius
Flat – skull, scapula, ribs, sternum, pelvis
Irregular – vertebrae, tarsals, carpals, patella |
| Synovial Fluid | a thick liquid located between your joints
aka Joint Fluid |
| Types of Joints
(list 5) | Plane Joint
Hinge
Ball and Socket
Saddle
Pivot |
| Tendons | connect muscle to bone |
| Ligaments | connect bone to bone |
| Ligaments of the knee | ALC – Anterior Cruciate Ligament
LCL - Lateral Collateral Ligament
PCL – Posterior Cruciate Ligament |
| Types of muscles
(list 3) | Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth – digestive, blood vessels |
| Sprain | ligament injury
Stretching or tearing of a ligament
Very wide range of injury casuses
Extend too far |
| Strain | muscle or tendon injury
Overexertion or over extension
Tendons are essentially part of the muscle. |
| Vertebrae counts | Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Think meals at 7am, 12pm, 5pm, snack at 9pm
Sacrum - 5 fused to one
Coccyx - 4 fused to one |
| Coup-Coutrecoup | French for “blow” and “counterblow.”
injury refers to two separate brain injuries sustained during the same incident.
A coup injury refers to the brain damage that occurs directly under the point of impact. |
| Dura Mater | the outer, thick, strong membrane layer located directly under your skull and vertebral column |
| Areas of the Upper Airway | Nasal Cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx - above epiglottis
Hypopharynx - below epiglottis
Oral Cavity
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea |
| Pharynx | back of the throat
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx / laryngopharynx |
| Larynx | Voice box - vocal chords
top of the trachea |
| Palate | Roof of the oral cavity
Hard palate - front
Soft palate - rear |
| costal | relating to the ribs |
| Retrograde amnesia | no recollection of the events prior to the injury including the injury itself |
| Antegrade amnesia | no recollection of events occurring after the injury. |
