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Latin

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Created by: Kari'sClass

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topic	explanation
The First Declension Singular	Nominative ----- -a -------subject Genitive --------- -ae ------possessive Dative ----------- -ae -------indirect object Accusative ----- -am -------direct object Ablative --------- -ā
The First Declension Plural	Nominative ----- -ae -------subject Genitive--------- -ārum ---possessive Dative------------ -īs --------indirect object Accusative------- -ās ------direct object Ablative---------- -īs
The First Declension Gender	All nouns naming individual male persons are MASCULINE. All other nouns are FEMININE.
Accent	In words of two syllables, the accent is on the FIRST. examples: vía; béllum In words with more than two syllables, if the second last syllable is long, it is accented; otherwise the accent is on the third last syllable. examples: vidērunt; agmine
Quality of Syllables	A syllable is short if it contains a vowel that is short by nature or that is followed by another vowel or diphthong. examples: regere; gloria
Quality of Syllables	A syllable is long if it contains a vowel that is long by nature or a vowel that is followed by two consonants other than a mute (c, g, p, b, t, d) or f followed by a liquid (r,l) examples: studēre; regendus
Nouns	Nouns have gender, number, case, and declension.
The Five Latin Declensions	-ae ------- -ī ------- -is ------- -ūs ------- -eī
Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension Singular	Nominative ------- -us --------subject Genitive ----------- -ī ---------possessive Dative ------------- -ō ---------indirect object Accusative -------- -um -------direct object Ablative ----------- -ō
Masculine Nouns of the Second Declension Plural	Nominative ------- -ī ---------subject Genitive ----------- -ōrum ---possessive Dative ------------- -īs --------indirect object Accusative ------- -ōs --------direct object Ablative ----------- -īs
Declining a Noun	The nominative, genitive, and gender of a noun determine how to decline it.
Declining a Noun	The STEM is that part of a word that keeps its spelling. It gives the MEANING of the word. The ENDINGS show what the WORD DOES in the sentence- whether it's the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.
Declining a Noun	The accusative of neuter nouns and adjectives is ALWAYS like the NOMINATIVE.
Neuter Nouns of the Second Declension Singular	Nominative ------- -um -------subject Genitive ----------- -ī ----------possessive Dative ------------- -ō ----------indirect object Accusative -------- -um -------direct object Ablative ----------- -ō
Neuter Nouns of the Second Declension Plural	Nominative ------- -a -------subject Genitive ----------- -ōrum ----------possessive Dative ------------- -īs ----------indirect object Accusative -------- -a -------direct object Ablative ----------- -īs
The Third Declension	The nominative singular of the third declension has no model ending. Thus lēx - law, pars - part, flūmen - river, hostis - enemy, are all nouns of the third declension. Its genitive ending is ALWAYS -is. This shows the third declension and its stem.
The Third Declension Gender	Nouns naming individual female persons are FEMININE.
The Third Declension Gender	Nouns ending in -er, -or (ERROR) are MASCULINE unless they name an individual female. Then they are FEMININE.
The Third Declension Gender	Nouns ending in -s, -o, -x (SOX) are FEMININE unless they name an individual male. Then they are MASCULINE.
The Third Declension Gender	Nouns ending in -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET) are NEUTER unless they name an individual male. Then they are MASCULINE, or if they name an individual female. Then they are FEMININE.
Masculīnī generis	words in -os, -nis, -guis, and -cis, in -es (-itis) and -ex (-icis); as neuter mark the -us (with -ris)
Declension	First find the gender of the noun. Then find the stem from the genitive.
Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension Singular (example lēx)	Nominative ------- lēx --------the law Genitive ----------- lēg-is -----of the law Dative ------------- lēg-ī ------to (for) the law Accusative -------- lēg-em ---the law Ablative ----------- lēg-e ------by, etc., the law
Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension Plural (example lēgēs)	Nominative ------- lēg-ēs --------the laws Genitive ----------- lēg-um -------of the laws Dative ------------- lēg-ibus ------to (for) the laws Accusative -------- lēg-ēs --------the laws Ablative ----------- lēg-ibus ------by, etc., the laws
Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension Singular (example pars)	Nominative ------- pars ----------the part Genitive ----------- part-is -------of the part Dative ------------- part-ī --------to (for) the part Accusative -------- part-em -----the part Ablative ----------- part-e --------by, etc., the part
Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension Plural (example partēs)	Nominative ---- part-ēs --------the parts Genitive -------- part-ium ------of the parts Dative ---------- part-ibus ------to (for) the parts Accusative ----- part-ēs ---------the parts Ablative -------- part-ibus ------by, etc., the parts
Declension for Masculine and Feminine Nouns	Add the endings of lēx or pars except nouns that have -ium in the genitive plural (like partium). Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as the nominative singular. (hostis, hostis (hostium)).
Declension for Masculine and Feminine Nouns	Add the endings of lēx or pars except nouns whose stem ends in two consonants (gēns, gentis,tribe, stem, gent-, hence gentium).
Declension for Masculine and Feminine Nouns	Exceptions: With -um instead of -ium: senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, and frātrum With -ium instead of -um: vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium and nivium, Samnītium, optimātium
Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension Singular (example flūmen)	Nominative ------ flūmen -------the river Genitive ---------- flūmin-is -----of the river Dative ------------ flūmin-ī ------to (for) the river Accusative ------- flūmen -------the river Ablative ---------- flūmin-e ------by, with, from the river
Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension Plural (example flūmina)	Nominative ---- flūmin-a -------the rivers Genitive -------- flūmin-um -----of the rivers Dative ---------- flūmin-ibus ----to (for) the rivers Accusative ----- flūmin-a -------the rivers Ablative -------- flūmin-ibus ----by, with, from the rivers
Declension	For neuter nouns add the endings of flūmen except those which end their nominative with -e, -al, -ar. These have ī in the ablative singular, -ia in the nominative and accusative plural, and -ium in the genitive plural.
Declension	The vocative is ALWAYS like the nominative.
The Fourth Declension Singular	Nominative ------ port-us ------the harbor Genitive -----------port-ūs ------of the harbor Dative ------------ port-uī ------to (for) the harbor Accusative ------- port-um -----the harbor Ablative ---------- port-ū -------by, with, from the harbor
The Fourth Declension Plural	Nominative ---- port-ūs -------the harbors Genitive ---------port-uum ----of the harbors Dative ---------- port-ibus -----to (for) the harbors Accusative ----- port-ūs --------the harbors Ablative -------- port-ibus -----by, with, from the harbors
The Fourth Declension Gender	All masculine except manus, ūs - feminine hand; domus, ūs - feminine house; cornū, ūs - neuter horn; genū, ūs - neuter knee; a few others
The Fourth Declension domus, domūs - feminine house, home	----------------- singular ---- plural Nominative -- domus ---- domūs Genitive ------ domūs ---- domōrum or domuum Dative -------- domuī ----- domibus Accusative --- domum ---- domōs or domūs Ablative ------ domō ------ domibus
Neuter Nouns in the Fourth Declension	Have -ū in the accusative singular (like the nominative) and -ua in the nominative and accusative plural.
Neuter Nouns in the Fourth Declension	----------------- singular ----- plural Nominative -- corn-ū ----- corn-ua Genitive ------ corn-ūs ---- corn-uum Dative -------- corn-ū ----- corn-ibis Accusative --- corn-ū ------ corn-ua Ablative ------ corn-ū ------ corn-ibus
The Fifth Declension Singular	Nominative ------ rēs -------the thing Genitive ---------- r-eī ------of the thing Dative ------------ r-eī ------to (for) the thing Accusative ------- r-em -----the thing Ablative ---------- r-ē -------by, with, from the thing
The Fifth Declension Plural	Nominative ------ r-ēs ----------the things Genitive ---------- r-ērum-------of the things Dative ------------ r-ēbus -------to (for) the things Accusative ------- r-ēs ----------the things Ablative ---------- r-ēbus -------by, with, from the things
The Fifth Declension Gender	All feminine except diēs, diēī which is generally masculine.In the singular, however, when it means a set date or a "period of time" even diēs is often feminine. Certain nouns, such as fidēs - feminine faith, have no plural forms.
The Fifth Declension Genitive and Dative Singular	The genitive and dative singular ending is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem, di, therefore di-ēī.
Declining an Adjective	1. Learn the nominative and genitive from the vocabularies. 2. Those show what model the adjective follows. 3. Add the endings of this model to the stem.