| Question | Answer |
| Isotonic | solutions that have the same osmolality as body fluids |
| Hematocrit | the proportion of red blood cells (erythrocytes) to the total blood volume |
| Crystalloids | salts that dissolve readily into true solutions |
| Solutes | substances dissolved in a liquid |
| Transcellular fluid | compartment of extracellular fluids, which include cerebrospinal, pericardial, pancreatic, pleural, intraocular, biliary, peritoneal, and synovial fluids |
| Arterial blood gas | test performed to evaluate the client's acid-base balance and oxygenation |
| Extracellular fluid (ECF) | fluid found outside the body cells, accounts for about 1/3 of the total body fluid |
| Osmolality | the concentration of solutes in body fluids |
| Hyponatremia | deficiency of sodium in the blood plasma |
| Hyperchloremia | an excess of chloride in the blood plasma |
| Alkalosis | a condition that occurs with increases in blood bicarbonate or decreases in blood carbonic acid; blood pH above 7.45 |
| Hypophosphatemia | deficiency in phosphate in the blood plasma |
| Osmotic pressure | pressure exerted by the number of nondiffusable particles in a solution; the amount of pressure needed to stop the flow of water across a membrane |
| Metabolic acidosis | a condition characterized by a deficiency of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body, in which the pH falls to less than 7.35 |
| Hypermagnesemia | an excess of magnesium in the blood plasma |
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | system initiated by specialized receptors in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney nephrons that respond to changes in renal perfusion |
| Osmosis | passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to one of greater solute concentration |
| Buffers | prevent excessive changes in pH by removing or releasing hydrogen ions |
| Filtration pressure | the pressure in the compartment that results in the movement of fluid and substances dissolved in fluid out of the compartment |
| Selectively permeable | cell membranes that allow substances move across them with varying degrees of ease |
| Homeostasis | the tendency of the body to maintain a state of balance or equilibrium while continually changing; a mechanism in which deviations from normal are sensed and counteracted |
| Acid | a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution |
| Solvent | the liquid in which a solute is dissolved |
| Hypotonic | solutions that have a lower osmolality than body fluids |
| Diffusion | the mixing of molecules or ions of two or more substances as a result of random motion |
| Anions | ions carrying a negative charge and include chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate |
| Third space syndrome | fluid shifts from the vascular space into an area where it is not readily accessible as extracellular fluid |
| Hypocalcemia | deficiency of calcium in the blood plasma |
| Colloids | substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true solutions |
| Hypokalemia | deficiency of potassium in the blood plasma |
| Respiratory acidosis | (hypercapnia) a state of excess carbon dioxide in the body |
| Acidosis | a condition that occurs with increases in blood carbonic acid or with decreases in blood bicarbonate; blood pH below 7.35 |
| Interstitial fluid | fluid that surrounds the cells, includes lymph, accounts for about 75% of the ECF |
| Metabolic alkalosis | a condition characterized by an excess of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body; the pH rises to greater than 7.45 |
| Milliequivalent | one-thousandth of an equivalent, which is the chemical combining power of a substance |
| Hypochloremia | deficiency of chloride in the blood plasma |
| Intracellular fluid (ICF) | fluid found within the body cells, also called cellular fluid. It accounts for approx 2/3 of the total body fluid. |
| Hyperkalemia | an excess of potassium in the blood plasma |
| Intravascular fluid | plasma, accounts for about 20% of the ECF |
| Filtration | passage through a material that restricts or prevents passage of certain molecules |
| Insensible fluid loss | fluid loss that is not perceptible to the individual |
| Bases | (alkalis) have low hydrogen ion concentration and can accept hydrogen ions in solution |
| Ions | atoms or group of atoms that carry a positive or negative electric charge; electrolytes |
| Hyperphosphatemia | an excess of phosphate in the blood plasma |
| Obligatory losses | essential fluid losses required to maintain body functioning |
| Fluid volume excess (FVE) | (hypervolemia) retention of both water and sodium in similar proportions to normal ECF |
| Specific gravity | the weight or degree of concentration of a substance compared with that of an equal volume of another, such as distilled water, taken as a standard |
| Hypertonic | solutions that have a higher osmolality than body fluids |
| Respiratory alkalosis | a state of excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the body |
| Fluid volume deficit (FVD) | (hypovolemia) loss of both water and electrolytes in similar proportions from the ECF |
| Electrolytes | chemical substances that develop an electric charge and are able to conduct an electric current when placed in water; ions |
| Cations | ions that carry a positive charge and include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++), and magnesium (Mg++) |
| Active transport | movement of substances across cell membranes against the concentration gradient |
| Hypernatremia | an excess of sodium in the blood plasma |
| Hydrostatic pressure | the pressure a liquid exerts on the sides of the container that holds it; also called filtration force |
| Plasma | the fluid portion of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended |
| Colloid osmotic pressure or Oncotic pressure | a pulling force exerted by colloids that help maintain the water content of blood |
| Compensation | defense mechanism in which a person substitutes an activity for one that they would prefer doing or cannot do |
| Hypercalcemia | an excess of calcium in the blood plasma |
| Hypomagnesemia | deficiency of magnesium in the blood plasma |
