| Question | Answer |
| What are the 3 cell types in blood? | 1. Erythrocytes (RBC's)
2. Leukocytes (WBC's)
3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) |
| Normal RBC count for males? | 5-6 million/mm^3 |
| Normal RBC count for females? | 4-5 million/mm^3 |
| Normal Hb count for males? | 14-17 g/dL |
| Normal Hb count for females? | 12-15 g/dL |
| Normal Hematocrit count for males? | 40-50% |
| Normal Hematocrit count for females? | 35-45% |
| Normal "white blood count" WBC | 5-10,000/mm^3 |
| What is Leukocytosis? | Increase in WBC count |
| What is Leukopenia? | Decrease in WBC count |
| What causes Anemias? | 1. Increased RBC breakdown
2. Decrease RBC production
3. Blood Loss |
| What is Anemia? | Decrease in RBC's, Hb, & Hct |
| What is Polycythemias? | Increase in RBC's, Hb, & Hct |
| What is Polycythemia Vera? | Condition where the bone marrow increases production of RBC's |
| What causes Polycythemia Vera? | 1. Chronic Hypoxemic Lung/Heart Disease
2. High Altitude Dwellers |
| What is Neutrophilia? | 1. Increase Neutrophil Count
2. First responders to Infection
3. Commonly assoc. w/ Bacterial infection (Pneumonia) |
| What is Neutropenia? | 1. Decreased Neutrophil Count
2. Septic Shock
3. Overwhelming infection |
| What is Eosinophilia? | 1. Increased Eosinophil Count
2. Assoc. w/ Allergic Disorders (Asthma) & Parasitic Infections |
| What is Lymphocytosis? | 1. Increased Lymphocyte Count
2. Assoc. w/ Viral Infections |
| What is Lymphocytopenia? | 1. Decresed Lymphocyte Count
Assoc. w/:
1. HIV Infection
2. T4/T8 Ratio decreases w/ development of AIDS
3. Helper Cells & Suppressor Cells |
| What is Monocytosis? | 1. Increase Monocyte Count
2. Predominant cell after 48hrs of infection
3. Once in tissue called Histocytes
4. Assoc. w/: Chronic Infection (TB) |
| Clinical significance of Platelet Count? | Normal Thrombocyte Count 50,000-400,000/mm^3 |
| What is Thrombocytopenia? | 1. Decrease Thrombocyte Count <50,000
2. Increase bleeding risk <20,000
3. Spontaneous internal hemorrhage
4. IVH |
| Signs of Thrombocytopenia? | 1. Petechiae (red/purple spots)
2. Eccymosis (blue/black spots) |
| Causes of Thrombocytopenia? | 1. Indomethacin
2. Heparin
3. Prednisone
4. INH
5. Bone marrow disease |
| Define Bacteriology? | Medical Microbiology |
| Define Gram Negative? | A bacteria that stains red |
| Define Gram Positive? | A Bacteria the stains violet |
| Define Cocci? | A round, spherical bacteria |
| Define Rod? | An elongated, tubular bacteria |
| Define Acid-Fast? | Ziehl-Neelsen Stain & Mycobacterium TB |
| Define Culture? | Growth of microorganisms in a special media |
| Define Sensitivity? | Subjecting cultured bacteria to a number of antibiotics to determine which prevents growth |
| What are transudates? | Protein <3g/dL
1. Thin & Watery
2. Few Cells
3. CHF
4. Cirrhosis
5. Pulmonary Emboli |
| What are exudates? | Protein >3g/dL
1. Thick & opaque
2. Many cells (WBC)
3. Pneumonia
4. TB
5. Fungal diseases
6. Lung cancer |
| What is Chylothorax? | Chyle from the thoracic duct in the pleural space, usually following trauma. |
| What is Hemothorax? | Blood in the plural space, usually following trauma |
| What is empyema? | "Super exudate" from infection |
| What is Histology? | Study of tissue, taken via biopsy |
| What is Cytology? | Study of cells, taken via brushings & washings. Sputum analysis/Pleural fluid analysis |
| What is "Fine Needle Aspiration"? | A cytological procedure where a small (22ga) needle is penetrated into a mass and cells a aspirated for subsequent analysis |
| What is the clinical application for histology and cytology testing? | Diagnosis & Monitoring of Cancer |
