| Term | Definition |
| Psychology | scientific study of thought and behavior |
| Cognitive psychology | the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak and solve problems |
| Development psychology | how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span |
| Biological psychology | the relationship between bodily system and chemicals and how they influence though and behavior |
| Behavioral neuroscience | studies link among brain, mind and behavior |
| Personality psychology | what makes people unique and the consistence in people behavior across time and situations |
| Social psychology | study of how living among others influence thought, feeling and behavior |
| *Clinical psychology | diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders and promotion of psychological health |
| *Counseling psychology | diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorder and promotion of psychological health |
| Health psychology | role psychological factors play in regard to health and illness |
| Educational psychology | study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, social psychology of schools and the psychology of teaching |
| *School psychology | practice by counselors in school setting |
| Industrial/organizational(I/o) psychology | application of psychological concepts and questions to work setting |
| Sport psychology | factors that affect performance, participation in sports and exercise |
| Forensic psychology | blend of psychology, law and criminal justice |
| Shamans | medicine men/woman who treat people w/mental problems by driving out their demons w/ elaborate rituals, such as exorcism, incantation and prayers |
| *Trephination | drilling a small hole in a persons skull, usually less than an inch in diameter |
| Asylums | facilities for treating mentally ill In Europe during the middle ages and into the 19th century |
| Moral treatment | 19th cent approach to treat the mentally ill with dignity in a caring environment |
| Psychoanalysis | clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorder, assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind though and behavior |
| Empiricism | the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience |
| Psychophysics | the study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli |
| Structuralism | breaking down experience into elements to understand thought and behavior |
| Introspection | looking into the mind for information about nature of conscious experience |
| Funcionalism | Study of psychology that argued it was better to look at why the mind works they way it does tan to describe it's parts |
| Behaviorism | psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not idea, thoughts and feelings |
| Humanistic psychology | personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching ones highest potential |
| Positive psychology | a scientific approach to studying, understanding and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning |
| Gestalt psychology | a theory of psychology that maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than as compilation of parts |
| Evolution | change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species |
| Natural selection | feedback process that nature favors one design over other because of impact on reproduction |
| Adaptation | inherited solution to ancestral problems that have been selected for because the contribute in some way to reproductive success |
| Evolutionary psychology | branch of psychology that studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors |
| Nature through nurture | the positive that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do. |
| Soft wiring | biological systems-genes, brain structures and brain cells, are inherited but open to modification from the environment |
| Scientific thinking | using cognitive skills required to generate, tests, revise theories |
| *Theory | sets of related assumption from which scientists can make testable prediction |
| Hypothesis | specific, informed, testable prediction of the outcome that should occur under certain conditions |
| Replications | to confirm results, essential to scientific process |
| Pseudoscience | claims presented as scientific that are not supported by evidence obtained with scientific method |
| Research designs | plans for how to conduct a study |
| Variable | characteristic that changes or varies, age, gender, weight, intelligent, anxiety and extraversion |
| Population | a group a researcher is interested in |
| Sample | subsets of the population studied in a research project |
| Descriptive designs | researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not control/ manipulate anything |
| Case study | a therapist observes 1 person over a long period of time |
| Naturalistic observation | researchers observe/record behavior in real world |
| Representative sample | a research sample that reflects the population |
| Meta analysis | research technique for combining all research on one question and drawing conclusions |
| Effect size | measure of strength of the relationship between 2 variables of the extent of experimental effect |
| Correlational designs | measure 2 or more variable and relationship to one another, not designed to show causation |
| Correlation coefficients | statistics that range from -1 to +1and asses strength and direction of associating between 2 variable |
| Experiment | a research design that includes independent and dependent variable and random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions |
| IV | manipulated by an experimenter under controlled condition to determine weather it caused the predicted outcome of an experiment |
| DV | In experiments, the outcome of a response to an experiment manipulation |
| Random assignment | method to assign participants to different research conditions to get a different groups of people to represent the population |
| Control group | participants who are treats as same as experimental but do not receive IV |
| Experimental group | participants who receive treatment or whatever it thought to change behavior |
| Placebo | appears to look like the actual treatment but lacks active substance |
| Confounding variable | variable whose influence on dependent variable cannot be separated from IV being examined |
| Single blind studies | participants do not know the experimental condition to what they have been assigned |
| Double blind | participants and researchers do not know what they have been assigned too |
| Experimenter expectancy effect | behavior of participants is influenced by experimenter knowledge of who is in which condition |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | a statement that affects events to cause the prediction to become true |
| Measures | tools and techniques use to asses thought and behavior |
| Self report | written or oral accounts of a person’s thoughts, feeling or actions |
| Social desirability bias | tendency toward favorable self presentation, which could lead to inaccurate self reports |
| Behavioral measures | Systematic observation of peoples action either in their normal environment (naturalistic observation) or in a laboratory setting |
| Physiological measures | bodily responses such as blood pressure, heart rate, use to determine changes in psychological state |
| Statistic | collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numeric data |
| Description | |
| Descriptive statistic | measure used to describe and summarize research |
| Mean | adding all numbers and dividing by total number |
| Median | middle score |
| Mode | frequently occurring score |
| Standard deviation | statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean |
| Frequency | number of times a particular score occurs in a set of data |
| Normal distribution | plot of how frequent data are symmetrical, most scores in the middle and a few are extremes |
| Inferential statistics | analyses of data that allow to test hypotheses and make inferences and inference how a sample score is to occur in population. draw conclusions |
| t-test | compare two means to see whether they could come from sample populating |
| ethics | rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation-write or wrong |
| debriefing | to inform participants of exact purpose of study, hypothesis, deception practices |
| institutional review board | evaluate proposals to make research involving humans do not cause undue harm or distress |
| quasi experimental design | like an experimental design but use naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigned ones |
| scientific method | procedures by which scientist conduct research consisting of the five basic processes of observation, prediction, testing, interpretation and communication |
| industrial side | matching employees to their jobs and uses psychological principles and methods to select employees and evaluate job performance |
| organizational side | make workers more productive/satisfied by how work enviorment, managment style influence motivation, satifactoty/ productivity |
| nature view | who we are come from inborn tendencies and genetically based traits |
| nuture view | same as birth and we are product of our experience |
| by products | features that did not arise through natural selection
ex. feathers for birds |
