| Question | Answer |
| ATP functions as what in anabolic pathways? | allosteric activator |
| A mole of table sugar is equal to a mole of steel in what respect? | number of molecules |
| What reaction breaks down polymers by using water? | hydration |
| What contain the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons? | isotopes |
| What is the mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway? | feedback inhibition |
| What is the status of the valence shells of atoms who are stable and unreactive? | full |
| What is a nirogenous base with a phosphate group and a pentose sugar? | nucleotide |
| element:______; tissue:_______ | atom; organ |
| What type of interaction stablizes the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet structes of proteins? | hydrogen bonds |
| What is a solution in which water is the solvent? | aqueous solution |
| What four of the 25 elements that are naturaly found in nature make up about 96% of living matter? | carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen |
| What is often refered to as the universal solvent? | water |
| What reaction assembles polymers by using water? | dehydration |
| What is the proper name for acid rain? | acid percipitation |
| Buffers are substances that resist shifts in what? | pH |
| What type of molecule is simulat but differs in the location of their double bonds? | enantiomers |
| What is the term used for a proptien molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins? | chaperonin |
| What are the substances that you end a reaction with called? | products |
| How many valence electrons does Carbon have? | 4 |
| What do elements form when they share pairs? | molecules |
| What is the substance dissolved in a solution? | solute |
| What kind of bond does NH4+ form with Cl- to make ammonium chloride? | polar covalent |
| How do the sturctures of glucose and frutose differ? | arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms |
| What arises from the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell? | reactivity |
| Each of the 20 differnt amino acids has a different what? | side chains (R groups) |
| What is the other side of this DNA chain? TAGGCCT | ATCCGGA |
| A double-stranded DNA molecue contains 120 purines and 120 pyramidines; what is this DNA molecule comprised of? | 120 thymine and 120 adenine |
| State the stronger of alpha glycosidic likage or a beta glycosidic linkages. | beta |
| How is lactose classified? | disaccharide |
| What are the substance that you begin a reaction with called? | reactants |
| What is energy in motion? | kinetic energy |
| What property does the absorbtion and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form cause? | high specific heat |
| What type of attraction is illistrated by the following statement?: The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. | hydrogen bond |
| What describes the making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter? | chemical reactions |
| What type of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell? | catabolism |
| In a single molecule of water what is the type of bondage that bonds the two hydrogen molecules to the single oxygen molecule? | polar covalent bonds |
| Is cholesteral a protein? | No |
| How many molecules of glycerol would be present in 1 L of a 1 M glycerol solution? | 6.02x10^23 |
| What is it called when the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction? | chemical equilibrium |
| What are interactions that usually result in atoms staying close together? | chemical bonds |
| What is ice structured as? | three-dimensional crystal |
| What is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom that has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16? | 16 daltons |
| What is the group SH? | sulfhydryl group |
| what bonds are broken when water vaporizes? | bonds between water molecules |
| What is a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances called? | solution |
| The rate of a reaction depends mainly on what? | temperature and pH |
| What does the reactivity of an atom depend on? | presence of upaired electrons in the outer valence shell of the atom |
| What does "trace" mean when it is applied to the term "trace element"? | the element is required in small amounts |
| For an electron to move to an electron shell farther out from the nucleaus the electron must do what with energy? | absorb |
| What law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved in all processes? | first law of thermodynamics |
| What allows some bugs to walk on water? | surface tension |
| Guanine is a nitrogenous base of what type? | purine |
| What is a strong covalent bond between amino acids that functions in maintaining a polypeptides specific 3-D shape? | disulfide bond |
| What type of fats have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids? | unsaturated fats |
| What is the dissolving agent of a solution? | solvent |
| Whenever energy is transformed, what is there an increase in? | entropy |
| What pathway consumes energy to build up polymers from monomers? | catabolic |
| What enables deser rabbits to loose a lot of heat because of their large ears? | high heat of vaporization of water |
| What functional group do amino acids always have? | carboxyl |
| Which is denser, water or ice? | water |
| What functional group is most likely to be responcible for an organic molcule acting like a base? | amino |
| Is a trace element essential for an organism? | yes |
| Catabolism: Anabolism; ______:_______ | exergonic: endergonic |
| The reaction of a fat, forming glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water is an example of what phenomenon? | hydrolysis |
| What structual level of a protein is least effected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding? | primary level |
| What is the hydrogen ion concentration of a lake with the pH of 4.0? | 10^-4 M |
| Wax is an example of what? | hydrophobic material |
| What number indicates the number of protons in an atom's nucleus? | atomic number |
| Polar molecules have uneven what? | electronegativity |
| Who refutes the concept of vitalism? | Miller |
| What type of bond does carbon have a tendency to form? | covalent |
| When one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more elctronegative than the other atom the covalent bond is said to be what? | polar |
| Nucleotides:_________ ; ________ : proteins | nucleic acids; amino acids |
| What type of inhibitor decreases the rate of an enzyme reaction by changing the structure of the enzyme? | non-competitive inhibitor |
| What is a molecule with the chemical formula C16H32O16? | carbohydrate |
| What do you do to convert a nucleoside to a nucleotide? | add phosphate to the nucleoside |
| Hydroxyl:________; ________: aldehyde | alcohol; carbonyl |
| What does organic chemistry study? | carbon compounds |
| What happens to the kinetic enegry of a drink when it is cooled with an ice cube? | decreases |
| What is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution? | molarity |
| What must cells harness to perform work? | heat |
