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nutr 250 study guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Six classes of nutrients | Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals, Water |
| Why alcohol isn't a nutrient | Alcohol doesn't sustain life but contains energy |
| Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) | Average amount of a required nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of the healthy population |
| Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) | Recommendation that meets the needs of 98% of healthy people |
| Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) | The point after which toxicity is likely |
| Food groups | fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, and dairy |
| Calorie definition, location, & function | Energy measured in small unites, from macronutrients, used for essential bodily functions. |
| Nutrient density | most nutrients for least food energy (ex: toast w/butter + eggs more nutrient dense than donut) |
| Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) | daily macronutrient need percentages (carb: 45-65%, protein:10-35% , fat: 20-35% ) |
| Daily Value | How much a nutrient in one serving of food contributes to a total daily diet |
| Daily Value minimum (for sufficiency) | 5% |
| Daily Value maximum (for sufficiency) | 20% |
| nutrients to get enough of | fiber, vitamin d, calcium, iron, potassium |
| nutrients to limit | saturated fats, sodium, added sugars |
| path of food through digestive tract: entry | mouth -> pharynx -> esophagus (upper -> lower sphincter) |
| path of food through digestive tract: stomach section | lower esophageal sphincter -> stomach -> pyloric sphincter -> duodenum |
| path of food through digestive tract: small intestine | Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum -> ileocecal valve |
| path of food through digestive tract: large intestine exit | Ileocecal valve → Cecum → Colon → Rectum → Anal canal → Anus |
| accessory organs (overall digestive pathway, not part of gi tract) | liver, gallbladder, pancreas, diaphragm, salivary amylase |
| esophagus | tube where bolus passes through |
| chyme | semiliquid mass of food and digestive enzymes in stomach |
| pyloric sphincter | opens into small intestine to release chyme |
| salivary amylase | begins enzymatic (made of proteins) break down of carbohydrates |
| bolus | swallowed food |
| lavors | sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami (savory) |
| segmentation | SI muscle contraction -> chyme + digestive juice mixing -> increased enterocyte contact for absorption |
| hydrolysis | reaction that adds water to break down into smaller particles |
| peristalsis | longitudinal muscles push chyme forward |
| digestive fluids | water, mucus, gastric, and pancreatic juices |
| gastric juice | - primarily in protein digestion - mixture of water, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid (HCI), 1.6-1.7 PH |
| pancreatic & intestinal enzymes | - released into duodenum via ducts - digest macronutrients - contain NaHCO3 to neutralize chyme |
| Bile path | - from liver, stored in gall bladder, released into duodenum |
| bile purpose | emulsifier: - disperse fats (lipids) into watery solution allowing enzymes access |
| colon | - bacteria ferments fiber - produces water, gas, short chain fatty acids - reabsorbs water + biles salts |
| rectum | stores waste prior to elimination |
| anus | holds rectum closed, opens to allow elimination |
| enterocytes | cells lining SI absorbing nutrients |
| macronutrients | proteins, fats, carbohydrates (cho) |
| SI to blood nutrient pathway: water soluble (protein and cho) | bloodstream via hepatic portal vein to liver |
| SI to blood nutrient pathway: large fat products and fat-soluble vitamins | collected into chylomicrons → lymphatic system → bloodstream |
| villi | project from the enterocytes and create a large surface area for absorption |
| mircovilli | hair like structures that cover villi |
| goblet cells | secret mucus |
| blood stream circulatory system purpose | deliver oxygen + nutrient to cells, remove carbon/waste from cells |
| systemic (hepatic) circulation | heart -> arteries -> intesinal capillaries -> hepatic portal vein -> hepatic capillaries -> hepatic vein -> heart |
| systemic (cardiopulmonary) circulation: | between heart and lungs |
| lymphatic system circulation | circulates fat soluble vitamins and large fat molecules through |
| prebiotics | encourage microbial growth (fiber) ex: beans/corn |
| probiotics | fermented foods (alleviate diarrhea, constipation etc) ex: cheese/kimchi |
| positive feedback | amplifies changes |
| negative feed back | causes opposite effect of stimulate |
| typical time amount food passes through digestive tract | 24 hours |
| blood stream circulatory system purpose | deliver oxygen + nutrient to cells, remove carbon/waste from cells |
| systemic (hepatic) circulation | heart -> arteries -> intesinal capillaries -> hepatic portal vein -> hepatic capillaries -> hepatic vein -> heart (carrying carbs + proteins) |
| systemic (cardiopulmonary) circulation: | between heart and lungs |
| lymphatic system circulation | circulates fat soluble vitamins and large fat molecules through |
| prebiotics | encourage microbial growth (fiber) ex: beans/corn |
| probiotics | fermented foods (alleviate diarrhea, constipation, move waste from colon, etc) ex: cheese/kimchi |
| positive feedback | amplifies changes |
| negative feed back | causes opposite effect of stimulate |
| typical time amount food passes through digestive tract | 24 hours |
| enzyme humans lack to digest fiber | cellulase |
| monosaccharide | simple molecule of a sugar |
| disaccharides | two monosaccharides |
| polysaccharides | long chains of monosaccharides |
| high quality proteins | provide all essential amino acids (EAAs) ex: animal & soy products |
| low quality amino acids | missing one or more essential amino acids (EAAs) ex: plant base proteins |
| gluconeogenesis | making glucose from non carbohydrate sources to maintain blood glucose levels |
| protein structure importance | protein structure determines function w/enzyme activity & active/binding sites |
| 4 protein structures | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |
| denaturation | change protein shape, changing protein function |
| essential amino acids | cant make it in our body on our own, need it from diet (9 amino acids total) |
| carb type: monosaccharides & disaccharides | simple sugars |
| carb type: polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, fiber) | complex carbohydrates |
| carbohydrate purpose | body’s prumary fuel source |
| carbohydrate RDA | min 130 grams per day * 4cal/g = 520 kcal |
| organs preferring carbohydrates | brain & red blood cells |
| daily protein intake formula | weight (kg) * 0.8 g |
| protein purpose | structure and function |
| pH purpose in digestive tract | optimal enzyme activity, tissue/lining protection, digestive juice regulation |
| carbohydrate review | 4 kcal/g, quick energy, stored as glycogen |
| protein review | 4 kcal/g, build/repair/enzymes, N excreted |
| fat/lipids review | 9 kcal/g, energy storage, transported as chylomicrons |
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