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debates key terms
hazards and disease
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sea-floor spreading | Lateral movement of new oceanic crust away from a mid-ocean ridge. |
| Rift valley | A valley formed by downfaulting between parallel faults. |
| Palaeomagnetism | The direction of the Earth’s magnetic field. |
| Benioff | A zone of faulting at convergent plate boundaries. |
| Hot spot | A plume of magma rising to the surface. |
| Escarpment | A tilt block forming an extensive upland area, with a short, stepp, scarp slope and a long, gentle, dip slope on the other side. |
| Asthenosphere | The layer in the earth mantle below the lithosphere. The high temperatures caused the rocks to soften and become viscous meaning that they can easily deform. |
| Lithosphere | Layer in the Earth's mantle above asthenosphere together with the crust which is divided into a series of tectonic plates. The lithosphere is rigid and is moved by the flows of semi-molten rock in the asthenosphere . |
| Continental drift | The theory that the continents are mobile and have moved across the earth's surface through geological time. |
| Seismic | Relates to the earthquakes or other movements of the Earth and its crust. |
| Tectonic plates | A large slab of the Earth's lithosphere and crust. |
| Transform faults | Large-scale Sports in the cross at right angles to a mid-ocean ridge, which range from a few tens of kilometres to several hundred. earthquakes occur along their lengths as they slip. |
| Pillow lavas | Grounded moulds of lava erupted along mid-oceanic ridges, which cool rapidly with contact with the water. |
| Plutons | Mass of igneous rock injected into overlying rock deep in the crust. |
| Subduction | The tectonic process found at convergent plate margins where an oceanic plate descends into the Earth's mantle and is destroyed. |
| Ocean trench | Narrow deep depression on the ocean floor adjacent to a subduction zone. |
| Black smokers | Hydrothermal vent on the ocean floor at constructive or destructive plate boundaries. The water carries a large amount of metal sulphides. |
| Graben | The downfaulted section of a rift valley. |
| Island arcs | Chain of volcanic Islands formed along the subduction zone. |
| Explosive | A violent eruption owing to the build-up of pressure within a volcano, due to viscous magma preventing the escape of gases. |
| Effusive | A gentle free-flowing basic eruption of lava, eg basalt. |
| Stratro- volcanoes | A steep sided volcano made up of layers of lava and Ash emitted during explosive eruptions. |
| Sills | A minor, approximately horizontal, intrusion of magma into surrounding older rocks. |
| Dykes | Vertical or near vertical minor intrusion of magma through surrounding older rocks. |
| Calderas | Large-scale volcanic crater formed as a result of an explosive eruption which emptied the magma chamber causing the volcano sides to subside. |
| Denudation | The wearing away of the earth's surface by weathering and erosion. |
| Shield volcanoes | Volcano with a broad base and gently sloping sides. It forms from the effusive eruption of fluid basalt lava. |
| Archipelago | Closely grouped cluster of islands. |
| Super-volcano | Volcano that erupts more than 1000 km 3 of material in a single eruption event. |
| Epicentre | Point at the surface directly above an earthquake's focus. |
| Infectious | A disease spread by parasites, bacteria, viruses, fungi etc. |
| Non-infectious | A non-communicable disease due to age, genetic defects. |
| Communicable | An infectious disease that spreads from host to host. |
| Non-communicable | A disease that cannot be spread between people. |
| Contagious | A disease spread by contact or indirect contact between people. |
| Non-contagious | Diseases not spread through infection or through people but by behaviours. |
| Zoonotic | An infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animals to humans. |
| Epidemiology | The study of how and why diseases occur in different groups of people. |
| Endemic | A disease that exists permanently in a geographical area or human group. |
| Epidemic | A disease outbreak that spreads quickly through the population of a geographical area. |
| Pandemic | And epidemic which spreads worldwide. |
| Disease vectors | A carrier, eg mosquitoes that transmit an infectious disease. |
| Relocation diffusion | Occurs when a disease leaves one area and moves to another. |
| Contagious diffusion | Describes the spread of a disease through direct contact with a carrier. |
| Hierarchical diffusion | Diffusion through a sequence of carriers; spread along roads and railways. |
| Expansion diffusion | Occurs where a disease starts in one location and spreads out. |
| Biopiracy | The exploitation of medicinal drugs from wild environments by pharmaceutical companies with little or no benefit to indigenous people. |
Created by:
gbrinnjohnson
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