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GEO Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Subfields of Geography? | Hydrosphere (bodies of water) and Lithosphere (The ground. I.e.: hills, valleys, mountains) |
| Where does latitude begin? | 0 (N-S) to 90 *Equator* |
| Where does longitude begin? | 0-180 (E-W) *Greenwich, England* |
| Coordinates of Capricorn | 23.5 SOUTH |
| Coordinates of Cancer | 23.5 NORTH |
| Coordinates of Equator | 0 LATITUDE, ANY longitude |
| Coordinates of Arctic Circle | 66.5 NORTH |
| Coordinates of Antarctic Circle | 66.5 SOUTH |
| Coordinates of Prime Meridian | 0- LONGITUDE, ANY Latitude |
| Coordinates of Mobile Alabama | 30.70 North |
| Maximum Measurement of Latitude? | 90 Degrees North or South of Equator |
| Maximum Measurement of Longitude? | 180 Degrees East or West of Prime Meridian |
| Shape of the Earth? | Oblate Spheroid (Bulge at equator, flattened poles) |
| Four Types of Map Distortions? | Area, Shape, Distance, Direction |
| Three families of projections? | Plane (Azimuthal), Cylindrical, Conic |
| What is Plane Projection best for? | POLAR AREA |
| What is Cylindrical projection best for? | WORLD MAP *SAILORS*** |
| What is Conic projection best for? | U.S. / Wide East-West Maps |
| What is the problem with the Mercator projection? | Distorts size of objects as latitude increases |
| What is GIS? | Geographic Information Systems (Complex computer program that puts lots of maps together to study data) |
| What is remote sensing? | Drones/ Satellites... Mechanical collection of data from a distance, often aerial |
| What are isolines? | Lines drawn to join equal points |
| What are contour lines | Connect two points of equal elevation |
| What is the purpose of topographic maps? | To contour equal lines of elevation (physical geography) *Has vertical scale to determine a point in a 3 dimensional space* |
| What is a mineral? | Naturally occurring, inorganic substance |
| What four minerals comprise most of the Earth? | silicate, oxygen, iron, magnesium |
| What are the two most abundant minerals on Earth? | Oxygen and silicate |
| What is a rock? | Inorganic substance containing one or more minerals |
| What are the three rock types? | Igneous (NEW ROCK), sedimentary (SEDIMENT), magnesium (CHANGED ROCK) |
| Extrusive rock? | Igneous rock formed above ground. Cools quickly, no visible crystals |
| Intrusive rock? | Below ground, cools slowly, large crystals |
| What forms sedimentary rock? | Sediment deposited by wind, water, ice cemented together into rock |
| What forms limestone? | Mostly skeletal material of marine organisms (shells, coral etc) |
| What type of rock forms on lake bottoms and ocean floors? | Sedimentary |
| How is metamorphic rock formed? | CHANGED ROCK.... Formed by other rocks under intense heat and pressure |
| Which rock type is easiest to erode? | Sedimentary |
| 2 examples of sedimentary rock? | Limestone and Sandstone |
| 2 examples of Igneous rock? | Basalt and granite |
| 2 examples of metamorphic rock? | Quartzite and marble |
| What rock type is found continentally? | Igneous |
| What rock types are found oceanicly? | Sedimentary and Igneous |
| How have scientists learned about the Earth's interior? | Seismic waves (earthquakes) |
| Three types of seismic waves? | PRIMARY, SECONDARY, SURFACE |
| Describe Primary Waves: | Travel fastest, travel through any material |
| Describe Secondary Waves: | Slower waves, travel only through solids |
| Describe Surface Waves: | Slowest waves, CAUSE MOST DAMAGE |
| Surface Waves can be compared to... | waves in the Ocean |
| Which Seismic waves can travel through liquid? | Primary Waves |
| Earth's layers in order from inner most: | Inner Core (solid), Outer Core (Liquid), Mantle (Plastic-like), Crust (solid) |
| Inner Core material: | Solid |
| Outer core material: | Liquid |
| Mantle material: | Plastic Like |
| Crust Material: | Solid |
| Oceanic VS Continental Crust: | Oceanic Crust: THINNER, YOUNGER, HEAVIER Continental Crust: OLDER, THICKER, LIGHTER |
| How old is Earth, as per radiometric dating? | 4.5 Billion years old |
| Describe the theory of catastrophism? | Explains why landforms are shaped the way they are. Blames catastrophes not operating today. |
| Describe the theory of uniformitarianism? | Present is key to the past. Laws govern landscape processes. *What we use today* |
| Evidence supporting continental drift theory? | Shapes/biological/geological matching |
| What is Pangea? | "New Earth" (All continents were once one) |
| Who is Alfred Wegener? | Biogeographer who proposed continental drift theory |
| What evidence supports sea floor spreading? | Used to explain plate motion (lithosphere) |
| What are the components of the plate tectonics theory? | Continental drift + seafloor spreading + new data. Plate process of formation/movement/ deconstruction Answers why volcanoes/earthquakes happen where they do |
| How are convection and plate tectonics theory connected? | Mechanism is convection (transfer of heat/energy) |
| Longitude Measures What directions? | East/West |
| Latitude Measures what directions? | North/South |
| Circles of illumination? | Divides the Earth into two equal halves: one is illuminated by the sun, one is dark |
| Define Parallels | Straight lines that never converge, EQUALLY SPACED |
| Define meridians | Converge at the poles |
| Science of map making is called | Cartography |
| Definition of Map | Generalized view of an area as seen from above and reduced in size |
| Advantages of globe: | True shapes, directions and areas (On map, one or more of these is lost when trying to accurately flatten a sphere) |
| Lines of longitude are called... | Meridians |
| 180 degrees East and West meet at... | The international date line |
| Longitude uses | Passage of the day and seconds/minutes |
| One degree of latitude is equal to about... | 69 miles/ 60 minutes Each degree can be broken down to minutes and seconds |
| Relative location | Descriptive |
| Absolute location | Mathematically based |
| Graticule | Pattern of parallel and medians on a globe |
| New theory for motion (1930s) | Thermal connective cells in the upper mantle, like boiling water |
| Paleomagnetism | Reversal of Earths magnetic field |
Created by:
kspurgeon12
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