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chap. 9 & 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| geyser | jet like emissions of steam and hot water from constricted vents |
| hotspring | pool of heated water |
| what makes a geyser? | heat source water plumbing system |
| earthquake | trembling of earth caused by energy released when slip occurs on fault plane |
| sintercone | little cone around top of geyser made from reprecipitated silica, (builds up slower than travertine) |
| Mammoth Hot Springs Terrace | formed by rock fractures, heat and water |
| triangulation method | calculates the lag time between primary and secondary waves to find the distance from the quake |
| seismic waves | waves of energy that travel through earth's layers, are a result of earthquakes volvanoes or explosions |
| ring of fire | area in the basin of the pacific ocean where a lot of earthquakes and volcano eruptions occur |
| seismology | study of earthquakes |
| where are earthquakes most common? | plate boundaries and within the plates |
| at a subduction boundary there are.. | volcanoes and earthquakes which create tsunamis |
| focus | actual location of slippage, shallow more damage |
| epicenter | location at the earth's surface |
| the richter scale | logarithmic scale of 0-10 used to determine magnitude of earthquake |
| differential erosion | different rocks erode at different rates |
| uplands | resistant rocks form ridges |
| lowlands | non-resistant rocks form valleys |
| strike | orientation of the rock plane with respect to compass direction |
| dip | angle between rock plane and horizontal plane |
| strike= | compass direction |
| dip= | angle |
| drainage networks | patterns in river system |
| dendritic | flat, uniform surfaces, rivers free to meander |
| trellis | ridge and valley topography, rivers controlled by bedrock |
| radial | rivers flow down a mountain in all directions |
| caprock | more resistant rocks that hold softer rocks in place |
| plateau | large flat surface capped by resistant rock w/@ least one steep side |
| mesa | flat surface bounded on all sides by steep cliffs, capped |
| butte | smaller but also flat surface bounded on all sides by steep cliffs |
| how to tell whether butte or mesa | if width is greater than height it's a mesa if height is greater than width its a butte |
| cuesta lowland topography | broad, gently sloping, more resistant uplands |
| sedimentary dome | uplift of igneous rock where erosion removes sedimentary rock and creates sharp crest |
| hogback | sharp crested fins of resistant rock |
| ridge and valley topography | created by fold belts often with uniform patterns trellis drainage |
| metamorphic belts | high variable folded landforms not uniform like ridge and valley weaker metamorphic racks form valleys |
| monadnocks | isolated projections of igneous rock surrounded by an eroded plain |
| neck | inside of old volcano |
| dike | when lava fills vertically in cracks |
| chemical weathering | rocks change to softer more soluable forms |
| physical weathering | rocks are fractured and broken |
| frost action | -water seeps into joints and fractures freezes and expands -joint block seperation crack gets bigger each time freezes - granular disintegration, smaller scale joint block |
| talus cone | collection of scree at base of mountain |
| salt weathering | evaporation results in precipitation of salt crystals grain by brain disintegration of rocks creates rock shelters |
| unloading | granite batholiths are under pressure beneath surface and when exposed they unload their pressure which results in weathering by peeling of rock layers |
| exfoliation dome | created by unloading of the rock with it sheeting off by layer |
| oxidation | rust- transforming existing minerals into oxides |
| hydrolysis | transformation of existing minerals by contact with water |
| carbonation | water becomes carbonic acid and dissolves materials |
| mass wasting | downhill movement of soil, regolith, or rock under influence of gravity |
| regolith | partially weathered bed rock |
| residual regolith | forms in place |
| transported regolith | alluvium and colluvium |
| alluvium | moved by water |
| colluvium | moved by gravity |
| soil creep | extremely slow downhill movement of soil |
| earthflow slump | relatively slow downhill movement of saturated sediments |
| mudflow | rapid downhill movement of water saturated debris |
| lahars | volcanic mudflow |
| debris flood | rapid downhill movement of water saturated debris with more water than mudflow |
| landslide | rapid sliding of large masses of earth material |
| what causes landslides? | earthquakes, heavy rains, over steepening, volcanic eruptions, unstable structures |
| triggers for mass wasting | undercuting slopes by building highways, piling up debris, deforestation |
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