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Social 11(Ch 11-13)
Final Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Demography | study of population numbers, distribution,trends and issues(人口统计学) |
| Census | process of collecting,compiling...about all people living in a particular area(人口普查，统计； 人口财产调查 _ |
| Developed country | 发达国家-country with a highly developed economy and living standards |
| developing country | 发展中国家 |
| birth rate | # of births per 1000 people in a country in a given year |
| Death rate | # of deaths per 1000 people in a country in a given year |
| Demographic transition model | a model that shows change in a population's birth and death rate and growth based on technological development. |
| Industrialization | 工业化- overall change in a society from farm production and craftsmanship to mechanized manufacturing production. |
| Urbanization | 都市化 - The move of people from farm to cities where job are available |
| mortality | 死亡数，死亡率-death in population |
| immigration rate | 迁移率- # of new arrivals in a country in a given year per 1000 |
| Emigration rate | # of ppl leaving a country in a given year per 1000 |
| exponential rate | a rapid rate of population growths as each generation doubles in size |
| natural increase | population increase or decrease in a year expressed a % of the total population(birth rates - death rate) |
| rule of 70 | the times it takes a country to double its population( 70 divided by the country's growth rate) |
| doubling time | # of year it takes country to double its population at its current growth rate |
| net migration | 迁移率 |
| Migration | 移居，迁徙( person who moves from one region to another) |
| life expectancy | the average # of years an individual is expected to live平均寿命； 预期寿命 |
| family planning | the concept of limiting the size of families计划生育 |
| rhythm method | a method of birth controls.安全期避孕法 |
| sterilization | a procedure by which a person's ability to reproduce is destroyed绝育 |
| vasectomy | 输精管切除术 |
| coercion | 强迫； 高压政治- the use of force |
| contraception | birth control- |
| total fertility rate | 总生育率- the average # of children born over the lifetime of a typical woman in a particular country |
| one-child policy | 计划生育政策(china) |
| infanticide | the act of killing an infant(杀婴) |
| gender selection | the choice of whether to keep a fetus based on its gender |
| population growth rate | 人口增长率( natural increase + net migration) |
| dependency ratio | 抚养比率( |
| dependency load | the % of a population that is younger than 15 or older than 64 years of age |
| population distribution | 人口分布- the pattern of where people live in an area |
| ecumene | 世界上有人（适于人类）居住的部分 - populated area o the world |
| population density | 人口密度- the # of people living in a given area( area divided the population) |
| population pyramid | a bar graph that shows male and female population back at age interval of five years |
| age cohort | 年龄队列，年龄群组 |
| Neo -Malthusians | people who share Malthus' pessimistic views regarding population growth. |
| carrying capacity | 载流容量，承载能力 the maximum # of people that can be sustained by an environment |
| ecological footprint | the impact of human on the environment生态足迹 |
| cornucopian | 丰富的 ppl who have optimistic view on population growth due to advances in science and technology |
| demographic regulation | 人口调控 a theory |
| Ch 12 | living standards |
| Infrastructure | 基础设施. |
| Developed countries | the world wealthiest countries( had well-established infrastructure and ppl are well-housed,healthy and have good literacy skilld) |
| Newly industrializing countries | 新兴工业化国家 countries that r experiencing rapid economic and industrial growth |
| developing countries | countries that have lower standard of living than developed countries |
| heavily indebted poor countries ( hipcs) | 重债穷国 coun. at the low end of the UN human development index that r debt to developed nations |
| human development index | 人类发展指数 - used to rank standards of living in its member count. |
| standard of living | 生活标准- |
| literacy rate | 识字率( the % of population that is able to read and write |
| GDP per capita | 人均国内生产总值,人均國內生產總值 (all good and services produced in a country in 1 year) |
| non- governmental organizations(NGOs) | 非政府间组织, 民间机构委员会 |
| Millennium Development Goals( MDGs) | 千年发展计划 ( 8 goals developed by the member states of the unite nation to close the gap in the living standards between developed and developing countries |
| mortality | death rate, calculated as # of death per 1000 ppl in a population |
| malnutrition | poor, lack of 营养不良 |
| globalization | the spread of idea,information and culture around the world through advances in communication..全球化，全球性 |
| Multinational corporation ( MNCs) | companies that do business is more than 1 country |
| world bank | 世界银行 - provide financial, technical help developing countries |
| organization for economic co-operation and development(oced) | 经济合作与发展组织 , |
| bilateral aid | 双边援助 assistance from 1 count. to another |
| Chapter 13 | Environment |
| sustainable development | a way to maintain economic growth without damaging the environment 可持续发展 |
| earth summit | a meeting of world leaders. held in pio de janeriro,brazil, in 1992, to discuss environment change |
| agenda 21 | a statement of environmental action |
| herbicides | substance used to kill plants 灭草剂 |
| pesticides | substance used to kill pests( ex. unwanted plants and animals) 杀害虫剂 ,农药 |
| organic | grown without chemical |
| co2 emission | carbon dioxide emissions caused by burning of fossil fuels( largest contributor of global warming ) |
| biodiversity | 生物多类状态( having a variety of life forms) |
| ecotourism | 生态旅游- tourism to threatened areas that tries to be low-impact and small scale |
| biosphere | regions pf earth, made up of all the ecozones |
| stewardship | 管事人之职位及职责； 管理工作 - careful management of resource |
| carrying capacity | 载流容量- the largest population than an environment can support |
| deforestation | 采伐森林 |
| global warming | the projected increase in the earth's average temperature due to burning of fossil fuels and deforestation |
| ecology | 生态学； 社会生态学- the science concerned with the relationship between living things and their environment |
| acid precipitation | 酸性降水 |
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