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Section 2
Exam 2 Material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Natural Increase | the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths |
| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | the number of live births per year per thousand people in the population |
| Crude Death Rate (CDR) | the number of deaths per year per thousand people |
| Demographic Transition | shift in population growth |
| Stationary Population Level (SPL) | world's population will stabilize |
| Population Composition | structure of population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as martial status and education |
| Population Pyramids | displays the percentages of each age group in the total population |
| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | a baby's death during the first year following its birth. Often given in a number of cases per thousand |
| Child Mortality Rate | deaths of children between the ages 1 and 5 |
| Life expectancy | the number of years, on average, someone may expect to remain alive. |
| Infectious Diseases | resulting from an invasion of parasites and their multiplication in the body |
| Chronic/Degenerative Diseases | the maladies of longevity and old age such as heart disease |
| Genetic/Inherited Diseases | diseases we can trace to our ancestry, the chromosomes and genes that define our makeup |
| Endemic | disease that prevails over a small area |
| Vectored Infectious Disease | disease transmitted by an intermediary vector. ex. Mosquito |
| Nonvectored Infectious Disease | disease transmitted by direct contact between a host and a victim. ex. kiss, handshake |
| Leading Cause of Death in US | heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease, accidents, diabetes, alzheimer's disease |
| Expansive Population Policies | encourage large families and raise the rate of natural increase |
| Eugenic Population Policies | designed to favor one racial or culture sector of the population over others. ex. Nazi Germany |
| Restrictive Population Policies | range from toleration or officially unapproved means of birth control to outright prohibition of larger families |
| One-Child Policy | families that had more than one child were penalized financially, and educational opportunities and housing privileges were kept from them |
| Cyclic Movement | involves shorter periods away from home |
| Periodic Movement | involves longer periods away from home |
| Migration | change in residence intended to be permanent |
| Activity Spaces | daily routine of regular sequence of short moves within a local area |
| Nomadism | a matter of survival, culture, and tradition |
| Migrant Labor | involves millions of workers in the US and tens of millions worldwide. (Type of Periodic Movement) |
| Transhumance | system of pastoral farming where ranchers move livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures |
| Military Service | US citizens are moved to new locations to spend tours of duty that can last for years |
| International Migration | movement across country boarders (Transnational Migration) |
| Immigration | adds to the total population by people entering a country |
| Emigration | subtracts from the total population by people leaving the country |
| Internal Migration | migration that occurs within a single country's boarders |
| Forced Migration | involves the imposition of authority or power, producing involuntary migration movements that cannot be understood based on theories of choice |
| Voluntary Migration | series of options or choices that result in movement even if desperately or not so rationally |
| Laws of Migration | Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration. The majority of migrants move a short distance. Migrants who move longer distances tens to choose big-city destinations. Urban residents are less migrtory than inhabitants of rural areas. |
| Gravity Model | predicts interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them |
| Push Factors | conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place |
| Pull Factors | circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places |
| Distance Decay | migrants having more complete perceptions of nearer places than of farther ones |
| Step Migration | migration streams that appear on maps as long, unbroken routes but consist of a series of stages |
| Intervening Opportunity | presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away |
| Deportation | being sent back home |
| Kinship Links | types of push or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where friends or family have already found success |
| Chain Migration | flows along and through kinship links |
| Immigration Waves | chains of migration that build upon each other or swells in migration from one origin to the same destination |
| Global-Scale Migration | migration that takes place across international boundaries and between world regions |
| Explorers | surveyors and cartographers |
| Colonization | physical process where the colonizer takes over another place |
| Regional Scale | migration between neighboring countries to take advantage of short-term economic opportunities etc. |
| Islands of Development | cities in the developing world where most foreign investment takes place, vast majority of jobs are, and where infrastructure is concentrated. Port cities that became islands of economic development |
| Russification | sought to assimilate all the people in the soviet territory into the Russian culture |
| Guest Workers | labor migrants |
| Refugee | a person who has a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationally, membership of particular social group, or political opinion |
| Internally Displaced Persons | people who have been displaced within their own countries |
| Asylum | right to protection in the first country in which the refugee arrives |
| Repatriation | process where the UNHCR helps return refugees to their homelands |
| Genocide | acts committed with intent to destroy , in whole or part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group |
| Immigration Laws | prevent the immigration of Chinese people to California |
| Quotas | each year European countries could permit the emigration to the US of 3% of the number of its nationals living in the US in 1910 |
| Selective Immigration | individuals with certain backgrounds are barred from entering |
| Gender | difference between men and women, their characteristics |
| Identity | how we make sense of ourselves, how do each of us define ourselves, we construct our own identity |
| Race | product of ways of viewing minor genetic differences |
| Racism | attitude toward visible differences in individuals (predominately negative) |
| Residential Segregation | degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another in different parts of the urban environment |
| Succession | when new immigrants to a city often move to low-income areas that are being gradually abandoned by older immigrant groups |
| Sense of Place | infusing a place "with meaning and feeling" and is always changing as we change |
| Ethnicity | people are closely bounded, even related, in a certain place over time |
| Space | "social relations stretched out" |
| Place | "particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together over time in that particular location" |
| Gendered | places seen as being appropriate for women or for men |
| Queer Theory | theory that highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the hetero normative |
| Barrioization | dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood |
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