Question | Answer |
What are the two major types of joints? | Synarthrosis and diarthrosis |
What are the two synarthrosis joint categories? | Fibrous, cartilaginous |
What are synarthrosis joints made up of? | Interosseus connective tissue |
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints? | Suture
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis |
Where is the only place to find gomphosis joints? | Teeth |
What is a suture joint? | One in which two bony components are united by a thin layer of dense fibrous tissue |
What type of joints are initially moveable and later in life become mostly immovable? | Fibrous joints |
What do fibrous joints lead to later in life? | Bony union call synostosis |
What is a gomphosis joint? | Joint in which surfaces of bony components are adapted to each other like a peg in a hole |
What is a syndesmosis joint? | Type of fibrous joint in which two bony components are joined directly by a ligament, a fibrous cord, or aponeurotic membrane |
What is an example of a syndesmosis joint? | Distal tib/fib joint |
What are cartilaginous joints also known as? | Amphiarthrotic joints |
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints? | Symphysis
Synchondrosis |
What is a symphysis joint? | Two bony segments are covered by thin lamina of hyaline cartilage and directly joined by fibrocartilage in the form of disks or plates |
What are examples of a symphysis joint? | Pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints, manubrium and sternum |
How much movement do symphysis joints allow? | Limited to moderate amounts of movement |
Where do the majority of symphysis joints exist? | Near the midline of the body |
What are synchondrosis joints? | Type of joint in which te material used for connecting the two components is hyaline cartilage |
What happens to some synchondrosis joints as bone growth stops? | Ossify and convert to bony unions (synostesis) |
What is the function of snychondrosis joints? | Permits growth while also providing stability and small amounts of mobility |
What are diarthrosis joints also called? | Synovial joints |
What makes synovial joints different from other types of joints and more mobile? | The ends of bones are free to move in relation to one another because no cartilaginous tissue directly connects adjacent bony surfaces |
What are the layers of the joint capsule in a synovial joint? | Stratum synovium
Intima
Subsynovial tissue
Stratum fibrosum |
Characteristics of stratum synovium layer | Inner layer
Highly vascularized |
Characteristics of intima layer | Layer of cells that line the joint space
Composed of synoviocytes |
Characteristics of subsynovial tissue | Lies outside the intima
Highly vascularized fibrous connective tissue
Adheres to outer capsule and supports intima |
Characteristics of stratum fibrosum | Out layer of capsule
Composed of dense fibrous tissue
Poorly vascularized
Richly innervated |
Characteristics of synovial fluid | Similar to blood plasma, but contains hyaluronic acid and lubricin |
What is the function of hyaluronate? | Responsible for viscosity of fluid
Reduces friction between synovial folds of capsule and joint surface |
What is the function of lubricin? | Responsible for cartilage-on-cartilage lubrication |
What does normal synovial fluid look like? | Clear, pale yellow, viscous fluid in small amounts |
When bony components are moving rapidly, viscosity of synovial fluid does what? | Decreases |
When bony compartments are moving slowly, viscosity of synovial fluid does what? | Increases |
At high temperatures, viscosity of synovial fluid does what? | Decreases |
At low temperatures, viscosity of synovial fluid does what? | Increases |
What is a condyloid joint? | Joint shaped so that the concave surface of one bony component is allowed to slide over the convex surface of another component in two directions |
What is an example of a condyloid joint? | MCP joint |
What is a saddle joint? | Joint in which each joint surface is both convex in one plane and concave in another (fit like a rider on a saddle) |
What is an example of a saddle joint? | CMC of thumb, sternoclavicular joint |
What is an example of a plane joint? | Carpals |
Characteristics of OKC | Motion does not occur in predictable pattern
Distal end not in contact with fixed object
Often not function |
Characteristics of CKC | Distal end is fixed
Motion occurs in predictable pattern
Co-contraction of muscle around joint
More functional movements |
What is arthrokinematics? | Movement of the joint surfaces |
What types of movements does arthrokinematics include? | Roll, slide, spin (Rock n Slide, Roll n Glide) |
What is an ovoid? | One surface convex and one concave |
What is sellar? | Each surface has both convex and concave |
When you have a convex on concave surface how does the joint roll and glide? | Opposite of one another |
When you have a concave on convex surface how does the joint rock and slide? | Same as each other |
What is osteokinematics? | Movement of bones rather than movement of the articular surfaces |
How is osteokinematics described? | Flex/ext, abd/add, etc |
What is the difference between instability and laxity? | Instability is a pathology and affects the pt in a negative way |
What is a contracture? | Extreme hypomobility - LOF |
How are the collagen fibers in tendons arranged? | Parallel |
How are the collagen fibers in ligaments arranged? | More varied |
What is a bursae? | Flat sacs of synovial membrane which contain synovial fluid |
Where are subcutaneous bursae found? | Between bone and skin |
Where are subtendinous bursae found? | Between tendon and bone |
Where are submuscular bursae found? | Between muscle and bone |
How does cartilage components differ from tendons and ligaments? | Cartilage contains chondrocytes |
What is white fibrocartilage and where is it found? | Contains type I cartilage. Forms bonding cement in joints that permits little motion
IV disks |
What is yellow fibrocartilage and where is it found? | Contains higher ratio of elastin to collagen and allows more movement
Ears and epiglottis |
What is the body's hardest connective tissue? | Bones |
What do osteoblasts do? | Lay down bone |
What do osteoclasts do? | Bone resorption |
Where do active and passive insufficiencies occur? | Across 2 joint muscles that either lengthen or shorten beyond it's capabilities |
What is active insufficiency? | Diminished ability of muscle to produce or maintain active tension |
When does active insufficiency occur? | When a muscle is shortened to a point at which no more sliding of myofilaments occur |
What is an example of active insufficieny? | Rectus femoris: Knee ext AND hip flex |
When does passive insufficiency occur? | When in inactive, potentially antagonistic muscle is of insufficient length to permit completion of full ROM |
What is an example of passive insufficiency? | Hamstrings: Knee ext AND hip flex |