Question | Answer |
Interaction with Respiratory System | nasal and oral are entry points; injury/disease impairs ability to breath can result in infections in upper and lower respiratory systems |
Interaction with Cardiovascular System | disorders may be seen: some infarction/ischemic pain may radiate to jaw or throat; facial edema can have fluid retention |
Interaction with Musculoskeletal System: | facial expressions - communication and nourishment |
Interactions with Neurological System | altered - speech, feeding, expression |
Interaction with Endocrine System | thyroid disfunction - hypertrophy or enlargements (goiters) and facial spasms could show signs of disease |
Disorders of head, face and neck | have the potential to influence the morbidity and mortality of patients profoundly |
Physical changes of the head, face and neck | are associated with disorders that can have devastating effects |
Head, face and neck structures | are greatly influenced by other systems |
Head inspection | should be of size, shape and symmetry of facial features (variation between genders, race and ethnic groups vary widely) |
Asymmetry of facial features | indicates previous trauma, surgery, congenital deformity, paralysis, edema, stroke or Bell's Palsy |
Palpation of TMJ | smooth, symmetrical movement w/ no pain, crepitus or clicking |
Where are Stensen's ducts | located upper buccal mucosal at point of second upper molar. they drain the parotid |
Where are Wharton's ducts | located on either side of frenulum, drain the submandibular glands |
When do the anterior and posterior fonanesl close on children? | anterior fontanels close at 10-18 months, posterior close by 2 months. |
Which sinuses do you percuss during the assessment of the head? | frontal and maxillary sinuses |
What isn unique about how infants breath and what may indicate respiratory distress? | infants are obligate nose breathers. nasal flaring is associated with respiratory distress. |
When assesing a child, what may a foul odor or unilateral discharge from the nose indicate? | A foreign body |
How are enlarged tonsils graded? | Grade 1- within normal limits
Grade 2- enlarged but separate from uvula
Grade 3- tonsils touching uvula
Grade 4- tonsils touching each other |
What is geographic tongue? | A benign variation of smooth tongue and raised papillae. map like appearance. |
What is hair tongue? | Black hairy tongue. Elongated darkened papillae. Benign, often due to staining, infection, or antibiotic treatment |
What is lichen planus? | Benign, painless, white, lace-like eruptions. bilateral on buccal mucosa. |
What is leukoplakia? | Precancerous, white plaques, on buccal mucaosa, gingivae or tongue. Hairy leukoplakia of tongue associated with HIV. |
What are the 10 lymph node groups? | Pre-auricular
Post-auricular
Occipital
Tonsilar
Submaxillary
Submental
Superficial clavical
Posterior clavical
Supraclavicular
Infraclavicular |
Where do you palpate the Maxillary sinuses? | Under the eyes |
Where would you look to inspect Wharton's duct opening? | On either side of the frenulum, under the tongue |
When auscultating the carotid arteries, which part of your stethoscope would you use? | The bell |