| Question | Answer |
| Function of male reproductive system | Purpose of male reproductive system is to provide genetic blueprint for next generation and transmit them to female |
| Why are male reproductive structures are outside body cavity? | Because body temperature is too high for spermatozoa production |
| cremastic muscle function | moves testes closer or away from body |
| cryptorchidism | Testes that don’t descend |
| Testes Function | Function
1. spermatogenesis
2. production of hormones |
| Sertoli cells aka | Nurse cells |
| Interstitual cells of Leydig function & location | location: between seminiferous tubules
Function: produce & secrete male hormones major testosterone |
| seminiferous tubules join 1 another in a series of tubes that leave testis to ________. | Epididymis |
| Mature sperm functions | 1. must be able to reach ovum and carry genetic information
2. device for locomotion (swim upstream)
3. device for penetrating ovum
4. something to carry half of genetic information |
| Parts & function of Sperm | Head: contain chromosomes & acromsomal cap that have enzymes to penetrate ovum
midpiece: mitochondria to produce ATP
tail: locomotion |
| How much sperm does a man produce in 24 hours? | 100,000 |
| What must happen before a sperm can fertilize? | capacitation |
| How long can a sperm live in female reproductive system? | 72 hours |
| Epididymis function | 1. Stores sperm and continues with maturation
2. Secretes glycogen for nourishment |
| Ductus Deferens Function | conveys sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct & stay there for up to 42 days |
| Spermatic Cord function | to lower temperature |
| Seminal vesicles Location & function | Location:Behind the urinary bladder & contribute 60% of semen
Function: Sperm undergo 1st step in capacitation & beating flagella |
| Prostate Gland Location & function | Location: Surrounds the proximal urethra
Function: Produces 20-30% of semen & seminalplasmin (antibiotic protein prevents UTI) |
| Bulbourethral glands location & function | Location: At base of penis & each duct enters into the urethra
Function: Secretes alkaline mucus to neutralize urinary acids & lubricate the tip of the penis |
| erection of the penis is caused by | engorgement of columns of erectile tissue with blood |
| Process of erection | 1. Sexual Excitement
2. parasymphathetic response
3. release of NO locally
4. relax vascular smooth muscle
5. fill with blood
6. drainage veins compressed |
| Process of ejaculation | 1. Reproductive ducts & glands contract emptying contents into urethra
2. bladder sphincter constricts
3. rapid series of contractions of the smooth muscle of the penis |
| Semen | 2-5ml/ejaculate with 50-130 million sperm/ml |
| What considered a male sterile? | < 200 million sperm per/ejaculate considered sterile |
| Contents of semen | a. liquid – transport
b. nutrients – fructose for fuel
c. chemicals:
- prostaglandins
- relaxin
- alkaline
- antimicrobials |
| Testosterone is produced in response to _______. | HCG which causes testes descent |
| Hormonal control in males | figure 25.6
GnRH in hypothalamus->pituitary gonadatrophins->1. ICSH 2. FSH |
| ICSH | Interstitial cell stimulating hormone that tells cells to make testosterone |
| FSH | tells nurse cells to make ABP to enhance testosterone to bind & inhibin |
| Inhibin | inhibits production of FSH |
| Female Reproductive Function | produce gametes, receive male gametes, provide environment for the fetus, nourish newborn, produce hormones, move offspring out |
| Ovary Function | 1. oogenesis
2. hormone production (estrogen and progesterone) |
| Women have _____ ovum amount where men have ____ sperm amount. | 1. limited
2. unlimited |
| How do twins occur? | when 2 or more ovum are produced in 1 month |
| Oogensis process | 1. primary oocyte at birth & at puberty start process below
2. Meiosis I: polar body & oocyte
3. Meiosis II: 2nd polar body & mature ovum & 1st polar body split into 2 |
| In ovary the oocytes are what type? | primary oocytes |
| primordial follicle | most primitive follicles with very thin layer of follicular support cells |
| primary follice | 1st follicular cells become layered |
| secondary (antral) follicle | when gaps or spaces that fill up fluid are formed |
| mature/Graafian follicle/vesicular | spaces are really filled up with fluid |
| corpus luteum | yellow cells left behind which produces progesterone to maintain lining of uterus no baby=scar tissue |
| follicular atresia | Eggs die off or degenerate & can happen @ any |
| Wall of the uterine tube or fallopian tubes | 1. mucosa: ciliated & secretory
2. muscular
3. serosa |
| Functions of Uterine or fallopian tubes | 1. passageway
2. fertilization occurs here
3. environment for embryo in early stages |
| hymen | fold of mucosa partially covers vaginal orifice |
| Vagina wall | 1. mucosa: non-keratinized strat. squamous epithelium contains glands
2. muscularis: smooth & skeletal at the orfice
3. adventitia: dense CT |
| Mucosa responds to what in the vagina? | 1. estrogen
2. cells produce glycogen
3. bacteria use glycogen & produce lactic acid lowers pH: less pathogenic bacteria |
| Process of Milk Letdown | 1. suckling
2. post pituitary
3. oxytocin
4. myoepithelial cells contract |
| colostrum | 1st milk after birth contains less fat & 1st few days antibodies |
| Lactation contains | 1. lipids 40%
2. sugars (lactose) 7%
3. protein 1/2% |
| Menstrual cycle lasts how many days? | 28 |
| Phases of menstrual cycle | menstrual: 1-4 days
proliferative or follicular: 5-14 days
secretory or luteal: 15-28 days |
| ovulation occurs on what day & due to what hormone? | day 14 & LH surge |
| Proliferative/follicular/ovary phase | 1. growth of lining w/ increased estrogen levels
2. mucosa from 0 to 2mm
3. glands proliferate and accumulate glycogen
4. coiled arteries spread
5. follicle develops and secretes estrogen due to increased FSH |
| Secretory/luteal/uterus phase | 1. during time of corpus luteum which produces progesterone in response to LH 2. 4mm thick
3. less mitosis but glands hypertrophy
4. glands produce glycogen-rich secretion
5. progesterone maintains lining of uterus |
| If no pregnancy occurs this occurs @ the end of the secretory/luteal/uterus phase | - corpus luteum declines
– decrease in progesterone
– onset of menstruation |
| Menstrual day 1 | 1. endometrium destroyed/lost if no implantation
2. spiral arteries constrict and relax repeatedly -> the relaxation causes vessel walls to rupture
3.. only basalis layer (raw) remains |
| FSH | stimulates follicles in the ovary |
| LH | helps the corpus luteum |
| estrogen | effects the uterine lining growth |
| progesterone | for growth of the fetus by maintaining the uterine lining through secretions |
| Negative feedback for female hormones | estrogen & progesterone "turn off" production of FSH & LH becuase no follicles developing |
| fertilization location: | ampulla of uterine tube |
| How many sperm are deposited in comparison to those who reach the egg? | 200-300 million ejaculated
300-500 reach egg |
| sperm penetrate egg only if | 1. capacitation occurs: proteins over acrosome removed
2. acrosome reaction occurs: enzymes released egg induces this occurance |
| zygote | when genetic info merges
a loose ball of cells until 8 cell stage |
| blastomere | 2 cell stage of a zygote each cells is called this |
| morula | compact 16 cell stage until hollow joined together by tight junctions
3 days after fertilization
inner & outer cell mass |
| blastocyte | cells cont. divide & cavity develops
inner cell mass & a outer cells mass |
| embryo | inner cell mass of a blastocyst |
| trophoblast | outer cell mass of blastocyst consists of 2 layers: cytotrophoblast & syncytiotrophoblast |
| cytotrophoblast | part of the inner & oval-shaped cells clearly defined & mitotic give rise to syncytio
function: hormone HCG, maintain corpus luteum->progesterone->maintain endometrium->takes over for corpus luteum-> estrogen & pregesterone |
| synctiotrophoblast | part of the outer & multi-nucleated with no cell boundaries
function: chorionic villi |
| implantation | begins end of 1st week and ends during 2nd week – blastocyst reaches uterus 6-7 1. days after fertilization
2. trophoblast “ wears away” bearing (nidation) at uterine lining (endometrium) which grows over the blastocyst |
| gastrulation | formation of 3 germ layers from inner cells mass (embryonic disc) |
| major developments in embryonic stage | 1. formation of placenta
2. main internal organs develop
3. major external features appear |
| embryonic stage | 3-8 weeks |
| Teratogens examples | thalidomide, rubella, alcohol, cigarettes, vitamin deficiency |
| Teratogens | 1. developing child most susceptible to factors causing malformations during embryonic period
2. each system has time period during which most susceptible
■ ex, neural tube defects like spina bifida or anencephaly at day 28 |
| 3rd month (9 week)-birth changes | fetal period
changes:
- tissue maturation
- organ maturation
- rapid body growth |
| pregnancy length | 280 days: 40 week from LNMP
266 days: 38 weeks after fertilization |
| chorionic villus sampling | 0.8% loss due to procedure
checks chromosomes week 6-8 |
| amniocentesis | 0.5% loss due to this
■ needle takes 20-30 ml amniotic fluid
■ after week 14
■ test for a fetoprotein (AFP) which is high in neural tube defects (also test this in mom’s blood)
■ fetal cells in fluid look for chromosomal abnormalities |
| ultrasound | size, position, multiples, malformation, cardiac, abdominal wall defects |
| abstinence | don't have sex 100% non failure rate |
| coitus interruptus | withdrawal of penis before ejaculation |
| rhythm method | Abstaining for sex on days ovulation maybe occurring monitor by temp, cervical mucus, urine test also known as natural family planning. Failure 25/100 |
| condom | Cover & prevent from reaching female reproductive failure 11-16/100 |
| female condom | Inserted into vagina 20/100 |
| diaphragm | Dome latex covers cervix & must be fit properly by physician & inserted before & usually with combination of spermicide failure 15/100 |
| cervical cap | Smaller than diaphragm not sized suction to cervix |
| contraceptive sponge | Sponge inserted into vagina with spermicide in it failure 16-32/100 |
| chemical barriers | - Spermicides usually with a physical or mechanical barrier
- Alone failure 30/100 |
| oral contraceptives | Conception may occur if ovulation occurs but prevents implantation; BC prevent the surge of LH & prevent buildup of uterine lining failure 5/100
Draw backs: weight gain, nausea, breast tenderness, raise BP, smoking with it causes formation of blood clots |
| injectable contraceptives | Depo-Provera IM 1 injection for 3 months prevents oocyte maturing & uterine lining failure <1/100
side effects include: weight gain, develop asthma, migraines |
| contraceptive implants | Little tubes implanted under skin that slowly releases hormones & used for extended period of time failure <1/100 |
| Patch | Change patch once a week like pill & stay on in water 5/100 |
| vaginal ring | Goes around the cervix & slowly releases hormones |
| IUD | Plastic loop or T in the uterus & effective for years inserted by physician; conception can occur no implantation occurs <1/100 |
| vasectomy | cutting of ductus deferens or plugging it; outpatient usually under local anesthesia; still can ejaculate & can be reversed
failure <1/100 |
| tubal ligation | cutting uterine tubes major surgery in abd can’t be reversed usually
failure <1/100 |
| gonorrhea | males: painful urination, pus discharge, & possible sterility
Female: asymptomatic unless in uterine tube
Cause neonatal blindness
Can spread to other parts of body heart, meningitis, arthritis, etc. |
| pelvic inflammatory disease | In female have repeated inflammation caused by either chlamydia or gonorrhea usually in uterine tube causing scarring causing sterility |
| syphilis | @ site of infection form canker sores usually go into lymph nodes & spreads; even though rash is not there is still there; untreated leads to neural syphilis basically go crazy; neural deficits in newborn |
| Behavioral BC | absitence
Coitus Interruptus
Rhythm Method |
| Mechanical barrier BC | condom
diaphragm
cervical cap
contraceptive sponge |
| hormonal BC | oral or injectable contraceptives
contraceptive implants
patch
vaginal ring |
| acyclovir | relieves the symptoms of genital herpes |
| genital herpes | Herpes simplex II painful urination, blister on genitalia, can be contracted to the baby; association with cervical cancer |
| HPV | Human papilloma virus or genital warts |
| Genital Warts (HPV) | Human papilloma virus that causes the cervical cancer or penile cancer
Can lead to sterility or cancer could kill you
Vaccine prevents the cancer |
| HIV & AIDS | T cells CD4 are killed off in decreasing amount <200 is diagnoses |
| candidiasis | Yeast infection of reproductive tract in females or urinary tract in males
Lesions in vagina or surrounding genitalia which is itchy & irritation
Topical & oral (hard to develop) medications & eat yogurt |
| Predisposition | have some on our body any ways, antibiotics, tumors, pregnant woman, diabetes |
