Question | Answer |
The burn wound is classified according to | percentage of body surface involved, the depth and location of the injury, and association with other injuries |
Priority treatment and nursing care for burns | first priority is airway and breathing; second priority is circulation/fluid resuscitation |
Nutritional management and burns | NPO for first 24-48 hours if burn is severe; high-protein, high-calorie diet; oral feeding preferred but may need nasogastric feedings; small, frequent feedings of favorite foods-may add supplements to meet requirements |
Amblyopia | a decrease in or loss of vision, usually in one eye |
Amblyopia cause | the vision loss is not caused by structural eye damage but results from the brain “turning off” confusing visual images |
Occlusion therapy maintenance | may be difficult to maintain due to ridicule from peers and impact on self-esteem. Much support is necessary. |
Strabismus | ocular misalignment; a condition in which the child is not able to direct both eyes toward the same object |
Strabismus can lead to what other eye problems? | esotropia or exotropia |
Esotropia | an inward deviation of one or both eyes |
Exotropia | outward turning of one or both eyes |
Surgery to correct strabismus is reserved for | patients in whom nonsurgical methods are likely to be unsuccessful |
Surgery procedures and expectations for strabismus | short hospitalization; usually no need for restraints, if so child will be told before; minimal eye dressings; parents should stay with child during hospitalization |
Leukemia | most common type of cancer in children |
Areas of body affected by leukemia | All tissues of the body are affected, either by direct infiltration by cancer cells or by the change in the blood that is carried to them |
Leukemia treatment | Glucocorticosteroids are used, such as prednisone |
Steroids and leukemia | mask the symptoms of infection, may induce personality changes and cause the child’s face to become moon-shaped |
Leukemia and chemotherapy medication side effects | varying degrees of nausea, diarrhea, alopecia, fever, anuria, anemia, and bone marrow depression |
Leukemia nursing care | mouth is inspected daily for ulcerations and hemorrhage from the gums; Water-Pik may be used to massage and toughen the tissue; A soft sponge brush may be used or wiping the mouth with gauze; Apply lip balm or petroleum jelly to cracked, dry lips. |
What to avoid when managing bleeding in leukemia patients | Alcohol-based mouth washes, milk of magnesia , hydrogen peroxide, and lemon glycerin swabs |
The Child with Possible Posttonsillectomy Bleeding | Frequent swallowing (a cardinal sign of bleeding); Pallor; Restlessness; Increased pulse; Vomiting bright red blood; Decreasing BP; Visible blood on careful examination of the throat with a flashlight |
What to avoid postoperatively in patients with tonsillitis and adenoiditis | citrus juices, carbonated drinks and milk products; extremes in food or beverage temperature; red colored food or beverages |
Psychological considerations of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | have to do with the chronic and progressive nature of this disease and its fatal outcome. |
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy treatment and nursing care | Encourage the child to be as active as possible as long as possible; Provide support for daily issues; Public health nurses, home health agencies, family therapists, and eventually hospice care provide care and support to child and family. |
Generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure symptoms | sudden loss of consciousness with a cry; fall; rigid muscles followed by muscle jerking; rolling of eyes; pallor or blue skin color associated with slowing or cessation of breathing; possible loss of bowel or bladder control |
Generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure duration | a few minutes |
Generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure after effects and postictal state | breathing resumes; child is sleepy and confused and often sleeps 30 minutes to 2 hours after the seizure. Postictal state may involve vomiting and intense bifrontal headache. Seizure may be preceded by an aura. |
Absence (petit mal) seizure symptoms | sudden cessation of motor activity or speech with a blank facial expression and flickering of the eyelids (uncommon in children less than 5 years old); chewing movements |
Absence (petit mal) seizure duration | a few seconds (usually less than 30 seconds) |
Absence (petit mal) seizure after effects | child resumes full activity, unaware of what happened during seizure; no aura or postictal state, may experience various seizures during the day; can cause learning difficulties if not recognized |
(Typical) myoclonic seizure symptoms | repetitive seizures consisting of brief muscular contractions with loss of body tone and falling or slumping forward; can cause injuries to face and mouth. Can be associated with generalized tonic-clonic seizures |
(Typical) myoclonic seizure onset | between 6 months and 4 years; may have learning, language, emotional, and behavioral problems; however, more than 50% are seizure free several years later |
Infantile spasms symptoms | brief symmetric contractions of the neck, trunk, and extremities; involve sudden flexion of the neck, arms, and legs onto the trunk; extension of the trunk and extremities; or a combination |
When do Infantile spasms commonly occur | while patients are drowsy or immediately on wakening |
Infantile spasms onset | between 4 and 8 months; may or may not be associated with underlying neurological disorder or trauma |
Landau-Kleffner syndrome | a rare condition of unknown cause |
Landau-Kleffner syndrome symptoms | often confused with autism; loss of language occurs in a previously normal child; many have an associated seizure disorder; hearing is normal; behavior problems are common |
Landau-Kleffner syndrome onset | 5 ½ years, affecting more boys |
First aid for a child with a convulsive seizure includes | protecting the child from harm, loosening clothing around the neck, turning on the side to maintain an airway, and reassuring the child when consciousness returns |
Observe the seizure and record | activity immediately before the seizure began; body movements; changes in color, respiration, or muscle tone; incontinence; and parts of the body involved When possible the seizure is timed |
During seizures do not | place any object into the mouth of the seizing child; try to hold the seizing child down |
Epilepsy treatment and nursing care | Rescue breathing is done if child is not breathing when the seizure is finished |
UTI nurse teaching on proper hygiene | avoid bubble baths or irritating diaper wipes; wipe from front to back |
UTI preventive measures | wearing cotton underwear, adequate fluid intake, encouraging children to not put off going to the bathroom when needed, investigating and treating signs of intestinal parasites (pinworms), and avoiding bubble baths |
Acute Glomerulonephritis Treatment and Nursing Care | Activity should be limited until gross hematuria disappears; low-sodium diet; Fluid restriction; Protein is not usually restricted |
Developmental Disability Treatment and Nursing Care | Good communication with parents is essential |
Developmental Disability support areas include | home living, education, human development, community living, employment, health and safety, behavior, social, and protection and advocacy |
The parents of a developmental disabled child need | support, compassion, and understanding, not pity; they must face their own feelings and develop a positive attitude |
What can help nurses acquire enthusiasm for what developmentally disabled children and their families can accomplish | Sharing ideas and feelings with experienced professionals who work with developmentally disabled individuals |