Question | Answer |
Chemical Reactions | The making or breaking of bonds between atoms. |
Synthesis reactions | anabolism |
Endergonic | IN. Requires energy. Usually releases water during synthesis |
dehydration reactions | Releases water during synthesis. |
Decomposition reactions | catabolism. Releases energy |
Exergonic | OUT. Releases energy. Split by water into several products |
hydrolysis reaction | water becomes part of the product. |
Solvent | more abundant |
Solvent | less abundant |
Solute + Solvent | Solution |
cohesion | water molecules sticking together (drop) |
adhesion | water molecules sticking to another surface (glass) |
high specific heat | the ability to absorb and release large quantities of heat without significant changes in temperature.(lake effect example) |
high heat of vaporization | he ability to absorb large quantities of heat BEFORE vaporizing (skin example) |
water is a | lubricant |
water has | high surface tension |
water uniquely expands or contracts upon freezing? | expands |
list 6 properties of water | 1. excellent solvent & suspending medium 2. participates in chemical reactions 3. cohesion & adhesion 4. high specific heat 5. high heat of vaporization 6. lubricant 7. high surface tension 8. expands upon freezing (unique). |
Electrolyte | substance that IONIZES (dissociates) when put in HzO and will conduct an electric current. |
acid | electrolyte that produces H+ in water (HCl) |
base | electrolyte that produces OH- (hydroxide) ions in water (NaOH) |
salt | electrolyte that produces neither H+ nor OH- in water. (NH4Cl) |
non-electrolyte | substance that does not ionize when put in HzO (glucose) |
Carbolic acids used for cleaning | Phenol & Lister |
Acid-base Balance*** | The Concept of pH |
pH measures the degree of | acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a solution |
The lower the pH | the more H+ (less basic) |
The higher the pH | the less the H+, the less acid (more basic) |
acid has a high what? what is the numerical value? | H+ value 0 |
bases have a high what? what is the numerical value? | OH- value 14 |
pH 7 | neutral. H2O. |
A change of one whole number on the pH scale represents | a 10 fold change in If concentration. measured in Logs. |
pH= | -log[H+] |
pH -4 is 10x the H+ concentration of pH -3. What is pH -5 to pH -3? | 100x the H+ concentation |
The Central Roles of Carbon (3) | carbon backbone. Always 4 bonds. can bond with other carbons to form long chains (unique*). |
what type of bonds does C use? | covalent |
principle function is to provide energy | carbohydrates (principle) |
C, H, O ONLY
Cn(H20)n | carbohydrates (elements) |
Basic carbohydrate unit | Monosaccharides |
2 types of Monosaccharides | pentose & hexose sugars |
pentose sugars (2 examples) | 5*. ribose & deoxyribose |
hexose sugars (3 examples) | 6*. fructose, glucose (blood sugar, or dextrose) & galactose (milk sugar) |
what type of sugar is sweetest | fructose - hexose |
disaccharides (3 examples) | two sugar unit. sucrose (fructose+glucose), lactose (galactose+glucose), maltose (glucose+glucose). |
hydrophobic | hates water. fatty acid head of a phospholipid |
hydrophilic | love water. bonding portion & tail of phospholipid |
polysaccharides (3 types) | polymers, long chains of repeating sugar units. 1. starch 2. glycogen 3. cellulose |
poly | many |
mer | unit |
starch | digestible polysaccharide. storage form of glucose in plants |
glycogen | digestible polysaccharide. storage form of glucose in animals (liver and skeletal muscle) |
cellulose | polysaccharide. indigestible glucose (plant cell walls) |
lipids are composed of what?. What do they tend to do in water? | C, H, O (sometimes P). Insoluble tenancy in water. |
lipid types (4) | 1. triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. steroids 4. prostaglandins |
triglycerides | lipid. storage form of energy (fat). Consist of 1 glycerol * 3 fatty acids (3 carbons). |
fatty acids can be (4 types) | 1. saturated 2. unsaturated 3. cis fatty acids 4. trans fatty acids |
saturated triglycerides | MAX H+. contains no double bonds between carbons; maximum number of hydrogens |
unsaturated triglycerides | NOT MAX H+. contains one or more double bonds between carbons; hydrogens can be added-hydrogenation |
cis fatty acid triglycerides | SAME H+! hydrogens are bonded to the double- bonded carbons on the same side of the molecule. |
trans fatty acid triglycerides | OPPOSITE H+! hydrogens are bonded to the double- bonded carbons on opposite side of the molecule. Bad for you. |
unsaturated fats | liquid, plants |
saturated fats | solid, animal |
phospholipids | lipid. components of cell membranes. Consist of
1 glycerol + *2* fatty acids + phosphate + other group. |
hydrophobic tails (fatty acids) and hydrophilic heads (phosphate + other) | phospholipid |
steroids (5 examples) | lipid. all have the cyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus. cholesterol, bile salts, male& female hormones, vitamin D, adrenocortical hormones |
prostaglandins (PG) | lipids, local hormones*. 20 carbon fatty acids with a ring structure. Act as local hormones |
Proteins consist of? Basic unit? | C, H, O, *N*, (some S). |
basic unit of protein | amino acid |
how many amino acids are there? | 20 |
amino acid bonds | covalent peptide bond. Water splits off. |
When 2 amino acids combine, water splits off. Therefore, this is a(n) ________________reaction. | dehydration |
The joining of two amino acids produces a | dipeptide |
The joining of three amino acids produces a | tripeptide |
many amino acids connected are called | polypeptide |
many many amino acids are called | proteins |
sequence of amino acids | primary structure of proteins (1st). different seq= different proteins. |
the primary structure forming a helix or pleated sheet | secondary structure of proteins (2nd) |
the 3-D structure gives a protein its FUNCTION | tertiary structure of proteins (3rd). held together by H+ bonds & disulfide bridges. |
disruption of the tertiary structure of a protein. Loss of function. Caused by heat or chemicals. | denaturation |
protein's function is defined by its | shape of protein |
nucleic acid consists of | C, H, O, N, P |
basic unit of nucleic acid | nucleotide |
nucleic acid types (2) | RNA & DNA |
AGCU, single strand | RNA |
AGCT, double helix | DNA |
what type of bonds do DNA & RNA use? | H+ |
A+B -> C + H2O | dehydration reaction |
C + H20 = A + B | hydrolysis reaction |
containes C, H, O | lipids, carbohydrates |
monosaccharide types | pentose & hexose |
name the pentose sugars | RNA & DNA |
name the hexose sugars | fructose, glucose, galactose |
sucrose + H20 -> | fructose + glucose |
lactose + H2O -> | galactose + glucose |
Maltose + H20 -> | glucose + glucose |
phospholipid heads __________ water | are attracted to water (love it) |
phospholipid tails ___________ water | hate water |
polysaccharide basic unit | polymer |
C, H, O, N | proteins |
The ____ groups of one AA can combine with _____ groups of another AA to form a _______. | carboxyl; amine; dipeptide |
2 AA combining is a ________ reaction | dehydration |
C, O, H, N, P | nucleic acid |
In RNA, adenine bonds with | uracil (A-U) |
In DNA, adenine bonds with | thymine (A-T) |