Question | Answer |
matter | anything that has mass, made of atoms and molecules |
physical change of matter | caused by motion, temperature, pressure - substance stays the same |
chemical change of matter | happen on a molecular level - substance changed |
Conservation of Mass | (Lavoisier) matter is neither created or destroyed |
Conservation of Energy | (Mayer) aka First Law of Thermodynamics - energy is neither created or destroyed |
Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy | (Einstein) the total amount of mass and energy in the universe is constant |
kinetic energy | energy of moving objects; energy in use |
potential energy | stored energy; it is energy that has the potential to do work |
oxidation reduction reactions | transfer energy between molecules in the form of electrons - the molecule that loses an electron is oxidized, molecule that gains electron is reduced |
endergonic reactions | store energy within a molecule because the reactants have less free energy than the products - require energy input |
exergonic reactons | release energy, laving reactants with more free energy than the products |
heat | (amount of energy in a system) total energy in a substance - kinetic energy of molecules AND potential energy of molecules |
temperature | (measure of the average moleculation motions in system) average kinetic energy of the molecules of the substance |
conduction | materials in physical contact - energy transferred trough collisions of their particles, Kinetic Theory of Matter |
convection | movement of thermal energy from one area to another in a liquid or gas |
radiation | warm or hot matter emits electromagnetic radiation - especially infrared - that is then absorbed by an object at a distance, absorption heats the second object |
calorie/joules | 1 cal = 4.186 J |
BTU | amount of energy necessary to raise temperature of 1lb water to 1 degree fahrenheit |
First Law of Thermodynamics | energy can be transferred from one sysem to another - energy cannot be created or destroyed - total amount of energy in universe is constant |
Second Law of Thermodynamics | heat cannot transfer from colder to hotter body - all natural processes that involve energy must have one direction, natural processes are irreversible, disorder/randomness of isolated system always increases with time |
atom | smallest unit of element that displays all of that elements characteristics |
protons | positively charged particles located within the atomic nucleus |
neutrons | neutral particles located within the atomic nucleus |
electrons | negatively charged particles orbiting around nucleus |
atomic number | protons in an atom |
atomoic mass | protons and neutrons combined |
first electron shell | one orbital; two electrons |
second electron shell | four orbitals; eight electrons |
third electron shell | four orbitals max; eight electrons |
fourth electron shell | max nine orbitals; eighteen electrons |