| Question | Answer |
| Expressive aphasia can result from a stroke affecting... | Broca's area |
| Cardiovascular function decreases with aging, the net physiological changes result left ventricular hypertrophy. This inturn can lead to atrial enlargement.
What is the classic (but uncommon) ECG criteria for left atrial enlargement? | PRI >0.2 seconds with a humped P wave with the space between humps >0.04 seconds |
| Cardiovascular function decreases with aging, the net physiological changes result in left ventricular hypertrophy.
What is the ECG single precordial (chest) lead criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy | ≥45mm |
| Cardiovascular function decreases with aging, the net physiological changes result in left ventricular hypertrophy.
What are the ECG limb and augmented lead criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy? | If any of the following are met:
Any precordial lead ≥45mm
The R wave in aVL ≥11mm
The R wave in I ≥ 12mm
The R wave in aVF ≥ 20mm |
| Cardiovascular function decreases with aging, the net physiological changes result in left ventricular hypertrophy.
What is the ECG chest lead criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy? | V1 or V2 S wave plus V5 or V6 R wave equal to or greater than 35mm |
| What are factors that predispose elderly to falls? | Degenerative joint disease
Near syncope
Neuro Muscular Disorders
Co morbidities |
| In the elderly it is quite common for them to have episodes of confusion. Choose what factors can affect altered mental status? | Decrease BGL
Hypothermia/Hyperthermia
Hypoxia
Infection
Head Injurys |
| Most elderly suffer from some form of age related changes e.g blindness or loss of hearing. Choose the type of communication strategies you can use when communicating with an elderly patient. | Face patient directly
Speak slowly
Reduce back ground noise
Speak clearly
Probe patient for significant questions |
| Non compliance with drug therapy is common among the elderly. What are the different types of factors that can decrease compliance in the elderly? | Limited Income
Memory Loss
Limited mobility
Duration of drug therapy |
| What is the three main causes of death in the 85+ male age group? | IHD
Stroke
COPD |
| What percentage of patients over 65 will have articular disease? | 80% |
| What is the leading cause of injury causing death in 55 - 74 year olds? | Suicide |
| Elderly patients see a reduction in SA node cells fo up to what percentage by 75 years | 90% |
| What percentage of dermal thickness is lost in the elderly patient | 20% |
| The leading cause of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is? | Smoking |
| The most common type of stroke is | Thrombotic |
| What percentage of AMI's have STEMI or a new onset of LBBB? | 46% |
| By how much does nerve transduction typically slow in the elderly? | 25% |
| What percentage of hospitalisations are drug induced? | 30% |
| How much mucus does an elderly person produce per day? | 100- 150ml |
| What is a significant factor to consider when dealing with an elderly patient with a hip fracture? Height, weight, osteoporosis or medications? | Osteoporosis. |
| What does the SPLATT mnemonic stand for? | Symptoms
Previous falls.
Location.
Activity at fall.
Time of fall.
Trauma. |
| What are 3 challenges you may be presented with when treating an elderly trauma patient? | Comorbidities, Polypharmacy, Blunted compensatory mechanisms. |
| Due to decreased estrogen production in woman, how much bone mass may they loose by 65 years of age? | up to 66% |
| How many types of incontinence in elderly is there? | 4 - Four types:
Stress
Urge
Overflow
Complete. |
| What is Xerostomia? | Dry Mouth. |
| What is Kyphosis? | Spinal curvature. |
| The textbook triad of a Pulmonary Embolism is: | Pleuritic chest pain, Cough, Haemoptysis. |
| Profuse and water speutum is seen in which condition? | Alveolar Cell Carcinoma. |
| What was New Zealands leading cause of maternal death in the 2006-2009 period? | Amniotic Fluid Embolism |
| brachial plexus palsy occurs in what percentage of shoulder dystocia patients? | 7-20% |
| what percentage of pregnancies do blood pressure disorders effect? | 5-10% |
| Why would you need to leave at least 6 inches of the umbilical cord when you cut it? | So that you can gain IV access straight in to the vein if necessary. |
| The "turtle" sign is a key feature in identifying.......................... | Shoulder dystocia |
| At what age is considered to be premature? | under 37 weeks |
| Risk factors for plancenta praevia are... | Maternal age over 35
Previous uterine surgery
Multiple births
Smoking |
| Antepartum haemorhage is defined as... | bleeding from the genital tract after 24 weeks of pregnancy |
| This is the definition of which type of placenta praevia?-
"The placenta encroaches on or covers the internal cervical os before cervical dialation occurs" | Marginal |
| What is the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 in 2009? | 22 |
| Shoulder dystocia has an incidence of 0.6-1.4%. It has been linked to increased birth weight.
What percentage occur in the normal weight range and are not anticipated? | 50% |
| Research by Farquhar et al (2009) suggests that supplemental oxygen causes _______________ to coronary blood flow. | significant reduction |
| What is the best practice management for ACS | Time is myocardium
Aspirin is good
Pain and vomiting are bad
Oxygen might not have a place
Diesel is good - transport early |
| What would the max HR be for a 74 year old man? | 146 |
| there is a linear decrease in arterial oxygen levels of how many mmHg between 20 and 70 years. | 20 |
| a right sided ECG is used to establish what location of infarct? | Right Ventricular |
| What hints are associated with Right Ventricular Infarct? | Hypotension
ST elevation in lead 3 greater than ST elevation in lead 2
ST elevation in lead 1
ST depression in V2 or V3 relative to V1
Dysrhythmia Heart Block (48%), Atrial Fib 33%) |
| Killip class III is best described as: | crackles heard in all lung fields |
| what is the most leading cause of death between the ages of 0-4 years of age | suffocation |
| What are the three components that make up the 'classic triad' for Epiglottits presentation? | dysphagia, distress, drooling |
| How much dead air space does a paediatric patient have? | 2-2.5mL/Kg |
| a 4 year olds cardiac output would be calculated as | 3600ml / minute
200ml / kg / minute |
| The formaula to calculate an ETT uncuffed tube for a child under 8 years is? | (Age/4)+4 |
| What does the term SCIWORA mean? | Spinal Cord Injury With Out Radiologically Abnormality |
| what are the three most usefull methods of assessing for dehydration in a paediatric patient | prolonged capillary refill time,
abnormal skin turgor,
abnormal respiratory pattern |
| what common drug cannot be given to children under the age of 12 years due to the risk of Reye's Syndrome? | Aspirin |
| in meningitis, is it rue that children under 2 rarely show signs of photophobia and neck stiffness? | Yes |
| what is the most common non traumatic surgical emergency in children? | Appendicitis |
| The most common bacterial agent responsible for meningitis in infants and children is? | H Influenzae - 48% |
| 6Kg
< or equal to 12 months =
4+ (Age in months/2) |
