Question | Answer |
crin/o | to secrete |
Endocrine System | System of glands throughout the body that directly release chemicals directly into the blood stream (ductless) |
Types of Endocrine Glands | -Pituitary Gland
-Thyroid Gland
-Adrenal Glands
-Pancreas |
Pituitary Gland | Master gland (regulates all other endocrine glands) |
Pituitary Gland Hormones | Anterior
-Somatotropin
-Gonadotrophic Hormone
Posterior
-Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) |
Somatotropin | Growth Hormone
-released during childhood/puberty |
Hypersecretion of Somatotropin (Before Puberty) | Results in Gigantism
-caused by an Adenoma |
Hypersecretion of Somatotropin (After Puberty) | Results in Acromegaly (enlarged extremities)
-hyper pituitarism |
Hyposecretion of Somatotropin | Results in Dwarfism
-congenital |
Achondroplastic dwarf | Premature closure of epiphyseal plate (causing short, thick arms & legs)
-early ossification
-lordosis
-pretruding forehead |
Gonadotrophic Hormones | Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-stimulates growth of ovaries & testes |
ADH | Anti-diuretic Hormone
-Stimulate reabsorption of H2O via kidney tubules; keeps us hydrated |
Diabetes Insipidus | Great deal of H2O is dilute
-polyuria
-polydypsia |
Oxytoxin | Helps stimulate labor, contractions & milk production |
Thyr/o, Thyroid/o | Thyroid Gland (needs Iodine to work properly)
-largest gland (located below the larynx)
-regulates heat & NRG
-maintains metabolism |
Thyromegaly | AKA Goiter
-Iodine deficiency |
Hyperthyroidism | Excessive production of the thyroid gland
-hot flashes |
Grave's Disease | a cause of hyperthyroidism |
Exophthalmos | Cause of hyperthyroidism
-Bulging eyeballs |
Thyrotoxicosis | Cause by hyperthyroidism
-thyroid becomes toxic to itself |
Thyroid Storm | Severe hyperthyroidism
-hyperpyrexia, respiratory distress, coma |
Hypothyroidism | Lack of production of the thyroid gland |
Myxedema | Swelling of mucus due to hypothyroidism
-dry, puffy skin due to mucus collect under skin |
Cretinism | -Common in children
-Lack normal men. & phys. capacity |
Adrenal Glands | Suprarenal
-secretes Epinephrine, Androgens, & Estrogens |
Epinephrine | AKA Adrenaline
-Fight or Flight
-^HR, ^BP, ^constriction, dilate bronchi |
Norepinephrine | Drug released to counter act epinephrine |
Androgens | Hormone that increases Male secondary sex characteristics |
Virilism | Excessive masculine characteristics (caused by tumor)
-Amenorrhea, hair growth, deep voice |
Hirsutism | Excessive hair (M & F) |
Estrogen | Hormone that increases Female secondary sex characteristics |
Pancreas | Produces Insulin, Glucagon, & Somatostatin |
Insulin | helps to metabolize sugars |
Glucagon | ^ blood sugar, produces enzymes to break down fat |
Diabetes Mellitus | -lacks insulin for carb. & sugar metabolism
-prevent sugar from exiting blood |
Type I Diabetes Mellitus | Insulin dep.
-Insulin deficient
-needs insulin injections |
Type II Diabetes Mellitus | Insulin Ind.
-too much sugar
-can be controlled by diet/loss of weight |
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | Diabetes during pregnancy
-goes away after delivery |
Primary Complications of Diabetes Mellitus | 1. Hyperglycemia
2. Hypoglycemia
3. Ketoacidosis
4. Glycouria |
Secondary Complications of Diabetes Mellitus | 1. Diabetic Retinopathy
2. Diabetic Nephropathy
3. Diabetic Neuropathy
4. Atherosclerosis |
NPH | Neutral Protamine Hadedrom Insulin
-trade name for insulin |
ADA | American Diabetic Association |
GTT | Glucose Tolerance Test
-checks blood/urine for glucose |
TFT | Thyroid Function Tests
-blood test: looking at T3-T4 lvls |
Radioactive Iodine Uptake | Oral, low does, radioactive Iodine intake |
Thyroid Scan | Look at radioactive compounds administered in thyroid, uptake in thyroid
-Ultra sound: size, shape, nodules |
derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o, cut/o | Skin |
Function of the skin | 1. Protection- water loss, heat, invasion
2. Sensory- pain, temp, pressure, touch
3. Thermoregulation - sweat glands |
Layers of the skin | 1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous Tissue |
Epidermis | First layer of the skin
1. Stratum corneum (most superficial)
2. basal layer (deepest layer) |
Melanocytes | Helps to determine pigment of skin
(more melanocytes->darker skin) |
Albino | -No melanocytes; born (partial or total)
-extremely clear skin
-prone to skin cancer
-photophobia (fear of natural light) |
Melanoma | Malignant neoplastin that starts out in melanocyte
Look at:
a. Assymetric
b. Border (Irregular)
c. Color
d. Diameter |
Dermis | Contains fibrous CT, blood vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, hair, sweat glands |
Subcutaneous | Area of fat formation
-Lip/o
-Adip/o |
Accessory structures of the skin | -Hair
-Nails
-Sweat glands
-Cutaneous Lesions
-Symptoms
-Abnormal conditions |
trich/o, pil/o | Hair |
Pilomotor reflex | Erection of Hair (due to color, emotion, skin irritation) |
Alopecia | Hair loss |
Onych/o, Ungu/o | Nails |
Onychogryposis | Thickened, curved over fingers & toe nail
ex. elder abuse & elder neglect |
Onychophagia onychophagist | Biting your nails |
Subungual Hematoma | Bruise/blood clot beneath nail due to trauma |
Onychoclasis | Nails break |
Onychotomy | Cutting Nails |
Sweat Glands | Tiny coiled tubules/glands
pores=sweat glands
1. Apocrine
2. Eccrine
3. Sebaceous |
Apocrine | Sweat glands
-large in size, auxillary |
Eccrine | Sweat Gland
-smaller, helps dissipate hair
found in palms of hand, soles of feet |
Hidr/o | Sweat |
Sebaceous Glands | Oil glands; produce sebum |
Comedo | Blackheads |
Acne | zits, pus |
Lesions | Area of damaged tissue caused by disease/trauma |
Cutaneous Lesions | -Cyst
-Fissure
-Macule
-Papule
-Polyp
-Pustule
-Ulcer
-Vesicle
-Wheal
-Bullae |
Cyst lesion | filled/semi solid thick walled bump |
Fissure lesion | deep slit, groove |
Macule lesion | discoloration
ex. freckle |
Papule lesion | small elevation of skin |
Polyp lesion | benign growth extending from the unctuous membrane surface |
Pustule lesion | pus-filled sac/lesion |
Ulcer lesion | Open sore on skin/mucus membrane (eating away) |
Vesicle lesion | clear-fluid filled (elevation of skin); blister |
Wheal | smooth, slight elevated, edema
ex. mosquito bite, hives |
Bullae lesion | Large vesicle (boil) |
Symptoms | -Ecchymosis
-Petechia
-Pruritus
-Purpura
-Urticaria
-Vitiligo |
Ecchymosis | Bruise |
Petechia | Small, pinpoint hemorrhaging |
Pruritus | Itchy/Itching |
Purpura | Merging of Ecchymosis & Petechia |
Urticaria | Acute allergic reaction; arising of wheals |
Vitiligo | Loss of pigmentation of skin; White chalky patches; Leukodermia
(caused by diabetes, thyroid condition)
ex. michael jackson |
Abnormal Conditions of the skin | -Burns
-Cellulitis
-Eczema
-Gangrene
-Impetigo
-Psoriasis
-Scabies
-Scleroderma
-Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE)
-Tinea
-Callus
-Keloid
-Keratosis
-Nevus
-Verruca
-Malignant melanoma
-basal cell carcinoma
-Squamous cell carcinoma |
Burns | -caused by chemicals, radiation, heat, gases
-degrees depend on lvl of penetration |
1st degree burn | Erythema (redness of skin)
-effects epidermis
-hyperesthesia/hyperalgesia |
2nd degree burn | "Partial thickness burn"
epidermis & dermis
-blisters
7-21 days |
3rd degree burns | "Full thickness burn"
-All skin layers
-anesthetic/analgesia/hypoesthesia
-scared, poor textured |
Eschar | dead skin that falls off after healthy skin forms |
Rule of Nines | Body divided into areas of 9%, in which burns occur |
Cellulitis | Acute bacterial infection of skin |
Eczema | Inflammatory skin disorder, redness, palpullae |
Gangrene | Death of tissue due to lack of blood supply; ischemia |
Impetigo | Bacterial infection; fluid filled lesions to skin, filled w pus, crusts over, caused by staph/strep |
Psoriasis | -Chronic cond. of skin, near joint areas
-itchy, scaly, red patches, silvery scales
-^growth of basal layer of epidermis |
Scabies | Contagious, caused by parasite infection
-found in children & sexual contact |
Scleroderma | Chronic/progressive
-disease of CT in skin; shrinking/hardening of tissue & skin
-binds body down, skin pulls on organs |
SLE | Systemic Lupus Erthematosis
-Chronic inflammatory disease
-affects collagen in skin, joints, organs
-butterfly shape lesion on face
-common in females |
Tinea Capitus | Ringworm of head or scalp |
Tinea Cruris | Fungal infection of groin |
Tinea Pedis | "Athelete's Foot"
=Fungal Infection of foot |
Callus | ^ scale/skin due to pressure/friction |
Keloid | Hypertrophed area due to trauma or surgical incision (excessive collagen formation) |
Keratosis | Cond. w. benign thick lesion/area of skin due to excessive exposure to sun |
Nevus | Mole |
Verruca | Warts |
Malignant Melanoma | Follow's ABCD's
-due to sun exposure
-Cancerous growth of melanocyte
-metastasis to lymph nodes, liver, lung, brain |
Basal Cell Carcinoma | Affects deepest layer of skin
(non-metastasizing) |
Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Affects squamous cells
(metastasis to lymph nodes) |
Cryosurgery | Freezing to do surgery |
Skin Biopsy | Taking skin tissue to be tested |
Punch Biopsy | Taking skin sample from middle of lesion, take core to lab |
Patch Test | Take arm, warp in gauze with allergens, see if it affects |
Scratch Test | Take arm, take needle, scratch skin w allergen, see if it affects |
Intradermal Test | Take arm, put allergen under skin |
Emollient | Skin softener |
Antipruritic | Anti-itching |
Antiseptic | applied to living tissue to clean |
Keratolytics | Breaking down keratin layer |
Skin patch | transdermal system of medication delivery |