| Question | Answer |
| crin/o | to secrete |
| Endocrine System | System of glands throughout the body that directly release chemicals directly into the blood stream (ductless) |
| Types of Endocrine Glands | -Pituitary Gland
-Thyroid Gland
-Adrenal Glands
-Pancreas |
| Pituitary Gland | Master gland (regulates all other endocrine glands) |
| Pituitary Gland Hormones | Anterior
-Somatotropin
-Gonadotrophic Hormone
Posterior
-Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH) |
| Somatotropin | Growth Hormone
-released during childhood/puberty |
| Hypersecretion of Somatotropin (Before Puberty) | Results in Gigantism
-caused by an Adenoma |
| Hypersecretion of Somatotropin (After Puberty) | Results in Acromegaly (enlarged extremities)
-hyper pituitarism |
| Hyposecretion of Somatotropin | Results in Dwarfism
-congenital |
| Achondroplastic dwarf | Premature closure of epiphyseal plate (causing short, thick arms & legs)
-early ossification
-lordosis
-pretruding forehead |
| Gonadotrophic Hormones | Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-stimulates growth of ovaries & testes |
| ADH | Anti-diuretic Hormone
-Stimulate reabsorption of H2O via kidney tubules; keeps us hydrated |
| Diabetes Insipidus | Great deal of H2O is dilute
-polyuria
-polydypsia |
| Oxytoxin | Helps stimulate labor, contractions & milk production |
| Thyr/o, Thyroid/o | Thyroid Gland (needs Iodine to work properly)
-largest gland (located below the larynx)
-regulates heat & NRG
-maintains metabolism |
| Thyromegaly | AKA Goiter
-Iodine deficiency |
| Hyperthyroidism | Excessive production of the thyroid gland
-hot flashes |
| Grave's Disease | a cause of hyperthyroidism |
| Exophthalmos | Cause of hyperthyroidism
-Bulging eyeballs |
| Thyrotoxicosis | Cause by hyperthyroidism
-thyroid becomes toxic to itself |
| Thyroid Storm | Severe hyperthyroidism
-hyperpyrexia, respiratory distress, coma |
| Hypothyroidism | Lack of production of the thyroid gland |
| Myxedema | Swelling of mucus due to hypothyroidism
-dry, puffy skin due to mucus collect under skin |
| Cretinism | -Common in children
-Lack normal men. & phys. capacity |
| Adrenal Glands | Suprarenal
-secretes Epinephrine, Androgens, & Estrogens |
| Epinephrine | AKA Adrenaline
-Fight or Flight
-^HR, ^BP, ^constriction, dilate bronchi |
| Norepinephrine | Drug released to counter act epinephrine |
| Androgens | Hormone that increases Male secondary sex characteristics |
| Virilism | Excessive masculine characteristics (caused by tumor)
-Amenorrhea, hair growth, deep voice |
| Hirsutism | Excessive hair (M & F) |
| Estrogen | Hormone that increases Female secondary sex characteristics |
| Pancreas | Produces Insulin, Glucagon, & Somatostatin |
| Insulin | helps to metabolize sugars |
| Glucagon | ^ blood sugar, produces enzymes to break down fat |
| Diabetes Mellitus | -lacks insulin for carb. & sugar metabolism
-prevent sugar from exiting blood |
| Type I Diabetes Mellitus | Insulin dep.
-Insulin deficient
-needs insulin injections |
| Type II Diabetes Mellitus | Insulin Ind.
-too much sugar
-can be controlled by diet/loss of weight |
| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | Diabetes during pregnancy
-goes away after delivery |
| Primary Complications of Diabetes Mellitus | 1. Hyperglycemia
2. Hypoglycemia
3. Ketoacidosis
4. Glycouria |
| Secondary Complications of Diabetes Mellitus | 1. Diabetic Retinopathy
2. Diabetic Nephropathy
3. Diabetic Neuropathy
4. Atherosclerosis |
| NPH | Neutral Protamine Hadedrom Insulin
-trade name for insulin |
| ADA | American Diabetic Association |
| GTT | Glucose Tolerance Test
-checks blood/urine for glucose |
| TFT | Thyroid Function Tests
-blood test: looking at T3-T4 lvls |
| Radioactive Iodine Uptake | Oral, low does, radioactive Iodine intake |
| Thyroid Scan | Look at radioactive compounds administered in thyroid, uptake in thyroid
-Ultra sound: size, shape, nodules |
| derm/o, dermat/o, cutane/o, cut/o | Skin |
| Function of the skin | 1. Protection- water loss, heat, invasion
2. Sensory- pain, temp, pressure, touch
3. Thermoregulation - sweat glands |
| Layers of the skin | 1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous Tissue |
| Epidermis | First layer of the skin
1. Stratum corneum (most superficial)
2. basal layer (deepest layer) |
| Melanocytes | Helps to determine pigment of skin
(more melanocytes->darker skin) |
| Albino | -No melanocytes; born (partial or total)
-extremely clear skin
-prone to skin cancer
-photophobia (fear of natural light) |
| Melanoma | Malignant neoplastin that starts out in melanocyte
Look at:
a. Assymetric
b. Border (Irregular)
c. Color
d. Diameter |
| Dermis | Contains fibrous CT, blood vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, hair, sweat glands |
| Subcutaneous | Area of fat formation
-Lip/o
-Adip/o |
| Accessory structures of the skin | -Hair
-Nails
-Sweat glands
-Cutaneous Lesions
-Symptoms
-Abnormal conditions |
| trich/o, pil/o | Hair |
| Pilomotor reflex | Erection of Hair (due to color, emotion, skin irritation) |
| Alopecia | Hair loss |
| Onych/o, Ungu/o | Nails |
| Onychogryposis | Thickened, curved over fingers & toe nail
ex. elder abuse & elder neglect |
| Onychophagia onychophagist | Biting your nails |
| Subungual Hematoma | Bruise/blood clot beneath nail due to trauma |
| Onychoclasis | Nails break |
| Onychotomy | Cutting Nails |
| Sweat Glands | Tiny coiled tubules/glands
pores=sweat glands
1. Apocrine
2. Eccrine
3. Sebaceous |
| Apocrine | Sweat glands
-large in size, auxillary |
| Eccrine | Sweat Gland
-smaller, helps dissipate hair
found in palms of hand, soles of feet |
| Hidr/o | Sweat |
| Sebaceous Glands | Oil glands; produce sebum |
| Comedo | Blackheads |
| Acne | zits, pus |
| Lesions | Area of damaged tissue caused by disease/trauma |
| Cutaneous Lesions | -Cyst
-Fissure
-Macule
-Papule
-Polyp
-Pustule
-Ulcer
-Vesicle
-Wheal
-Bullae |
| Cyst lesion | filled/semi solid thick walled bump |
| Fissure lesion | deep slit, groove |
| Macule lesion | discoloration
ex. freckle |
| Papule lesion | small elevation of skin |
| Polyp lesion | benign growth extending from the unctuous membrane surface |
| Pustule lesion | pus-filled sac/lesion |
| Ulcer lesion | Open sore on skin/mucus membrane (eating away) |
| Vesicle lesion | clear-fluid filled (elevation of skin); blister |
| Wheal | smooth, slight elevated, edema
ex. mosquito bite, hives |
| Bullae lesion | Large vesicle (boil) |
| Symptoms | -Ecchymosis
-Petechia
-Pruritus
-Purpura
-Urticaria
-Vitiligo |
| Ecchymosis | Bruise |
| Petechia | Small, pinpoint hemorrhaging |
| Pruritus | Itchy/Itching |
| Purpura | Merging of Ecchymosis & Petechia |
| Urticaria | Acute allergic reaction; arising of wheals |
| Vitiligo | Loss of pigmentation of skin; White chalky patches; Leukodermia
(caused by diabetes, thyroid condition)
ex. michael jackson |
| Abnormal Conditions of the skin | -Burns
-Cellulitis
-Eczema
-Gangrene
-Impetigo
-Psoriasis
-Scabies
-Scleroderma
-Systemic Lupus Erythematosis (SLE)
-Tinea
-Callus
-Keloid
-Keratosis
-Nevus
-Verruca
-Malignant melanoma
-basal cell carcinoma
-Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Burns | -caused by chemicals, radiation, heat, gases
-degrees depend on lvl of penetration |
| 1st degree burn | Erythema (redness of skin)
-effects epidermis
-hyperesthesia/hyperalgesia |
| 2nd degree burn | "Partial thickness burn"
epidermis & dermis
-blisters
7-21 days |
| 3rd degree burns | "Full thickness burn"
-All skin layers
-anesthetic/analgesia/hypoesthesia
-scared, poor textured |
| Eschar | dead skin that falls off after healthy skin forms |
| Rule of Nines | Body divided into areas of 9%, in which burns occur |
| Cellulitis | Acute bacterial infection of skin |
| Eczema | Inflammatory skin disorder, redness, palpullae |
| Gangrene | Death of tissue due to lack of blood supply; ischemia |
| Impetigo | Bacterial infection; fluid filled lesions to skin, filled w pus, crusts over, caused by staph/strep |
| Psoriasis | -Chronic cond. of skin, near joint areas
-itchy, scaly, red patches, silvery scales
-^growth of basal layer of epidermis |
| Scabies | Contagious, caused by parasite infection
-found in children & sexual contact |
| Scleroderma | Chronic/progressive
-disease of CT in skin; shrinking/hardening of tissue & skin
-binds body down, skin pulls on organs |
| SLE | Systemic Lupus Erthematosis
-Chronic inflammatory disease
-affects collagen in skin, joints, organs
-butterfly shape lesion on face
-common in females |
| Tinea Capitus | Ringworm of head or scalp |
| Tinea Cruris | Fungal infection of groin |
| Tinea Pedis | "Athelete's Foot"
=Fungal Infection of foot |
| Callus | ^ scale/skin due to pressure/friction |
| Keloid | Hypertrophed area due to trauma or surgical incision (excessive collagen formation) |
| Keratosis | Cond. w. benign thick lesion/area of skin due to excessive exposure to sun |
| Nevus | Mole |
| Verruca | Warts |
| Malignant Melanoma | Follow's ABCD's
-due to sun exposure
-Cancerous growth of melanocyte
-metastasis to lymph nodes, liver, lung, brain |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Affects deepest layer of skin
(non-metastasizing) |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Affects squamous cells
(metastasis to lymph nodes) |
| Cryosurgery | Freezing to do surgery |
| Skin Biopsy | Taking skin tissue to be tested |
| Punch Biopsy | Taking skin sample from middle of lesion, take core to lab |
| Patch Test | Take arm, warp in gauze with allergens, see if it affects |
| Scratch Test | Take arm, take needle, scratch skin w allergen, see if it affects |
| Intradermal Test | Take arm, put allergen under skin |
| Emollient | Skin softener |
| Antipruritic | Anti-itching |
| Antiseptic | applied to living tissue to clean |
| Keratolytics | Breaking down keratin layer |
| Skin patch | transdermal system of medication delivery |
