Question | Answer |
Cranial nerve(s) arising from the spinal cord? | CN XI |
Cranial nerve(s) arising from the medulla oblongata? | CN IX, X, XII |
Cranial nerve(s) arising from the pontomedullary junction? | CN VII, VIII |
Cranial nerve(s) arising from the pons? | CN V, VII |
Cranial nerve(s) arising from the midbrain? | CN III, IV |
Cranial nerve(s) arising from the diencephalon? | CN II |
Cranial nerve(s) arising from the telencephalon? | CN I |
Signs of Foster Kennedy syndrome? | (olfactory groove meningioma), IL anosmia, IL optic atrophy, CL papilledema |
Cranial nerve sensory ganglia? | trigeminal, geniculate, superior and inferior ganglia (CN IX, X) |
Cranial nerve motor ganglia? | ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic, intramural (CN X) |
Nerves traversing the jugular foramen? | CN IX, X, XI |
Nerves traversing the supraorbital fissure? | CN III, IV, VI, V2 |
Nerves traversing the cavernous sinus? | CN III, IV, VI, V1 and V2 |
Nerves traversing the foramen rotundum? | CN V2 |
Nerves traversing the foramen ovale? | CN V3 |
Nerves traversing the foramen magnum? | CN XI |
Nerves traversing the internal auditory meatus? | CN VII, VIII |
Nerves traversing the stylomastoid foramen? | CN VII |
Nuclei for CN III? | oculomotor, Edinger-Westphal |
Nuclei for CN IV? | trochlear |
What CN decussates before exiting the brainstem? | CN IV |
Nuclei for CN V? | chief sensory nucleus, mesencephalic, spinal trigeminal, trigeminal motor nucleus |
Nuclei for CN VI? | abducens |
Nuclei for CN VII? | facial, superior salivatory, spinal trigeminal, solitary |
Nuclei for CN IX? | nucleus ambiguous, inferior salivatory, spinal trigeminal, solitary |
Nuclei for CN X? | nucleus ambiguous, dorsal vagal, spinal trigeminal, solitary |
Nuclei for CN XI? | accessory nucleus (cervical spinal cord) |
Nuclei for CN XII? | hypoglossal |
Muscles innervated by CN III? | superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, inferior rectus, ciliary muscle, constrictor pupillae |
Three components of the near triad? | convergance of eyes, pupillary constriction, contraction of ciliary muscle |
Muscles innervated by CN IV? | superior oblique |
Muscles innervated by CN VI? | lateral rectus |
Nerve most likely injured with aneurysm of ICA in cavernous sinus? | CN VI |
Signs of diabetic infarct in CN III? | oculomotor palsy with normal pupil |
Signs of compressive injury to CN III? | dilated pupil with normal eye movements |
Sign of injury to CN IV? | head tilt to opposite side |
Site of horizontal gaze center? | pons |
Site of vertical gaze center? | midbrain |
Signs of Argyll-Robertson pupil? | pupil accomadates but doesn’t react [to light]; tertiary syphillis |
Signs of injury to right MLF? | [occurs in MS!] on leftward gaze, right eye does not adduct (convergance intact) |
Signs of injury to the right abducens nerve? | IL CN VI palsy, cannot abduct eye |
Sign of injury to right abducens nucleus? | on rightward gaze, R eye does not abduct, L eye does not adduct |
Eye movement deficits in right medial pontine syndrome? | on rightward gaze, R eye does not abduct, L eye does not adduct + on leftward gaze R eye does not adduct |
Three causes of ptosis? | CN III palsy, Horner syndrome, myasthenia gravis |
Muscles innervated by CN V? | temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid, ant digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatinin, mylohyoid |
Muscles innervated by CN VII? | muscles of facial expression, post digastic, stapedius |
Muscles innervated by CN IX? | stylohyoid |
Muscles innervated by CN X? | laryngeal, pharyngeal, esophageal |
Muscles innervated by CN XI? | trapezius, SCM |
Muscles innervated by CN XII? | genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, instrinsic tongue muscles |
Skin innervated by CN V? | face [V1 - forehead, upper eyelid + nose; V2 - cheek, lower eyelid, upper lip; V3 - jaw, lower lip] |
Skin innervated by CN VII, IX and X? | small area around ear |
What is Ramsay Hunt syndrome? | herpes infection in the geniculate ganglion |
Signs of Ramsay Hunt syndrome? | IL facial paralysis, hyperacusis, loss of taste, herpes vesicles on external ear, canal |
Viscera innervated by CN III? | sphincter pupillar, ciliary muscle |
Viscera innervated by CN VII? | nasal cavity, oral cavity, submandibular, sublingual glands |
Viscera innervated by CN IX? | parotid gland, mucosa of middle ear |
Viscera innervated by CN X? | larynx, pharynx, foregut, midgut |
CN, ganglia and nucleus for taste at the anterior 2/3s of tongue? | CN VII, geniculate, solitary |
General sensory innervation to anterior 2/3 of tongue? | CN V |
Signs of CN VII injury at the internal auditory meatus? | IL complete facial paralysis, dry eye, dry mouth, hyperacusis, decreased taste on ant 2/3 of tongue + tinnitus/hearing loss (CN VIII) |
Signs of CN VIII injury in facial canal? | IL complete facial paralysis; decreased taste on ant 2/3 of tongue |
Signs of CN VII injury at the stylomastoid foramen? | IL complete facial paralysis |
Nerves for corneal reflex? | CN V + VII |
Nerves for pupillary light reflex? | CN II + III |
Nerves for jaw jerk? | CN V |
Nerves for cough reflex? | CN X (C3-5, intercostal ns) |
Nerves for gag reflex? | CN IX + X |
CN affected with aneurysm of anterior communicating/ICA? | CN II |
CNs affected with aneurysm of posterior communicating artery? | CN III |
CN affected with aneuryms at basilar bifurcation? | CN III |
CNs affected with aneurysm of PICA? | CN IX, X, XI, XII |
Neurons in discriminitive touch/proprioception/vibration pathway? | posterior root ganglia, nucleus gracilis/cuneatus, VPL thalamus, postecentral gyrus |
Where does the posterior column/medial lemniscus pathway decussate? | rostral medulla |
Injury to posterior columns in spinal cord? | IL loss of discriminitive touch, proprioception and vibration |
Injury to medial lemniscus? | CL loss of discriminitive touch, proprioception and vibration |
Neurons in pain/temperature pathway? | posterior root ganglia, posterior horn, VPL thalamus, postcentral gyrus |
Where does the spinothalamic tract decussate? | anterior white commissure, spinal cord, all levels |
Deficits in syringomyelia? | BL dermatomal loss of pain and temperature [usually upper limbs] |
Location of lower motor neurons? | cerebral cortex, red nucleus, reticular formation |
Location of upper motor neurons? | spinal cord, motor cranial nerve nuclei (III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII) |
Upper motor neuron (UMN) signs? | hemiparesis, increase muscle stretch reflexes, + Babinski sign, spasticity |
Lower motor neuron (UMN) signs? | paralysis, decreased muscles stretch reflexes, flaccid tone |
Motor tracts in the posterior limb of the internal capsule? | corticospinal [upper limb, trunk, lower limb] |
Corticospinal tracts decussates at what level? | pyramidal decussation, caudal medulla |
Motor tracts in the genu of the internal capsule? | corticobulbar [cranial nerves] |
Signs of injury to the corticospinal tract in the right internal capsule? | left, UMN signs |
Signs of injury to the corticospinal tract in cervical spinal cord on the right? | right, UMN signs |
Signs of injury to the corticobulbar tract in the right internal capsule? | left, lower facial paralysis; tongue points away from lesion |
Location of lesion in decerebrate posturing? | midbrain - damage red nucleus or rubrospinal tract |
Location of lesion in decorticate posturing? | rostral midbrain or thalamus - red nucleus intact |
Neurons in auditory pathway? | spiral ganglion, cochlear nucleus, superior olive, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate, primary auditory cortex |
Result of Rinne test in normal ear? | air conduction > bone conduction |
Result of Rinne test in conductive hearing loss? | air conduction < bone conduction |
Result of Rinne test in sensorineuronal hearing loss? | air conduction > bone conduction |
Result of Weber test in normal hearing? | localize to midline |
Result of Weber test with sensorineuronal hearing loss in R ear? | localize to left |
Result of Weber test with conductive hearing loss R ear? | localize to right |
Deficits with injury to CN VIII? | IL deafness |
What is presbycusis? | age-related hearing loss, high frequencies lost first |
Neurons in visual pathway? | retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate, primary visual cortex |
Signs of injury to optic nerve/retina? | IL visual loss, can affect both temporal and nasal hemifield |
Signs of injury to optic chiasm? | bitemporal hemianopsia |
Signs of injury to optic tract? | contralateral homonymous hemianopsia |
Signs of injury to Meyer's loop? | upper quadrant homonymous hemianopsia |
Visual deficits in PCA stroke affecting calcarine sulcus? | contralateral homonymous hemianopsia, with macular sparring |
What is Marcus Gunn pupil? | optic nerve lesion, when light is shown into bad eye, pupil appears to dilate |
What structures comprise the basal ganglia [nuclei]? | caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, basal nucleus of Meynert |
Brain region affected in Parkinson disease? | substantia nigra, pars compacta [dopamine] |
Signs of Parkinson disease? | bradykinesia, pill-rolling tremor, masked facies, postural instability |
Pathological sign of Parkinson disease? | Lewy bodies in SN |
Brain regions affected in Huntington disease? | caudate nucleus |
Signs of Huntington disease? | choreioform movements, dementia |
Brain region injured in right hemiballismus? | left subthalamic nucleus |
Signs of essential tremor? | chronic, progressive tremor in arms, neck, larynx, chin; reduced with alcohol consumption |
What is Wilson disease? | inbron error of copper metabolism; Kayser-Fleischer rings; wing-beating tremor, rigidity |
What are signs of cerebellar injury? | ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadokinesia, nystagmus, dysarthria |
Signs of injury to vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)? | truncal ataxia, nystagmus |
Signs of injury to lateral hemisphere of cerebellum? | limb ataxia, intention tremor, dysarthria |
Signs of injury to middle cerebellar peduncle? | ipsialateral limb ataxia |
Results of caloric testing in normal individual? | COWS - cold |
Signs of Arnold-Chiari I malformation? | extension of cerebellar tonsil below foramen magnum |
Signs of Arnold-Chiari II malformation? | displaced vermis + myelomeningiocele |
Signs of Dandy-Walker? | enlarged posterior fossa, small cerebellum, cystic dilation of 4th ventricle, hydrocephalus |
Signs of injury to corticospinal tract in spinal cord? | UMN signs below lesion |
Signs of injury to anterior horn of spinal cord? | LMN signs at level |
Signs of injury to posterior columns? | IL loss of discriminitive touch, proprioception and vibration |
Signs of injury to spinothalamic tract? | CL loss of pain and temperature |
Signs of intramedullary tumor/central cord syndrome? | sensory loss, sacral sparring of motor function; maybe bowel/bladder disturbances |
Deficits in anterior spinal syndrome? | UMN signs below lesion, LMN signs at level, loss of pain and temp below lesion, disc touch, proprioception and vibration intact |
Deficits in tabes dorsalis? | loss of disc touch, proprioception and vibration below lesion, Romberg sign |
Deficits in Brown-Sequard injury? | IL loss of discriminitive touch, CL loss of pain/temp, UMN signs below lesion, LMN signs at level |
Deficits in Friedreich's ataxia? | loss of disc touch, proprioception and vibration below lesion, Romberg sign, ataxia and UMN signs below lesion |
Deficits in subacute combined degenration? | B12 deficiency; loss of disc toucn, proprioception and vibration below lesion, UMN signs below lesion |
Signs of spinal cord transection at C6? | LMN signs at C6 (brachioradialis), UMN signs below; complete sensory loss below C6 |
Signs of spinal cord transection at L4? | LMN signs at L4 (quads), UMN signs below; complete sensory loss below L4 |
Deficits in medial medullary syndrome? | CL loss of discriminitive rouch, UMN signs, tongue points to lesion |
Artery involved in medial medullary syndrome? | alternating branches of anterior spinal artery |
Deficits in lateral medullary syndrome? | IL loss of pain and temp on face, CL loss of pain and temp on body, dysphagia, hoarseness |
Artery involved in lateral medullary syndrome? | PICA |
Deficits in medial pontine syndrome? | CL loss of discriminitive rouch, UMN signs, IL CN VI palsy |
Artery involved in medial pontine syndrome? | basilar, paramedian branches |
Deficits in lateral pontine syndrome? | IL loss of pain and temp on face, CL loss of pain and temp on body, CN VII or V palsy |
Artery involved in lateral pontine syndrome? | basilar, circumferential branches |
Deficits in Weber syndrome? | IL CN III palsy, CL UMN sign, CL lower facial paralysis |
Deficits in Benedikt syndrome? | IL CN III palsy, CL ataxia [superior cerebellar peduncle] |
Deficits in Claude syndrome? | IL CN III palsy, CL UMN sign, CL lower facial paralysis, CL ataxia |
Arteries involved in midbrain syndromes? | paramedian branches from PCA |
Signs of cortical injury? | aphasia, agnosia, anosognosia, primitive reflexes: grasp, snout, suck, root, magnetic gate, astereognosia, apraxia, contralateral neglect |
Deficits in left inferior division MCA stroke? | expressive aphasia, CL UMN signs [face + UL], CL sensory loss [face + UL] |
Deficits in left superior division MCA stroke? | receptive aphasia, CL homonymous hemianopsia |
Deficits in right MCA stroke? | CL UMN signs [face + UL], CL sensory loss [face + UL] |
Deficits in left PCA stroke? | CL homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparring |
Deficits in left ACA stroke? | CL UMN signs [LL], frontal lobe signs |
Deficits in Parinaud syndrome? | vertical gaze palsy, obstructuve hydrocephalus |
Deficits in anterior choroidal artery stroke? | CL UMN signs, CL homonymous hemianopsia |
Deficits in lentriculostriate artery hemorrhage? | CL UMN signs, CL lower facial paralysis, tongue deviates away from lesion |
Strokes that can lead to Horner syndrome? | lateral medullary, cervical spinal cord |
Blood supply to thalamus? | posterior cerebral [thalamogeniculate + thalamoperforating] |
Signs of thalamic hemorrhage? | CL sensory loss, CL homonymous hemianopsia |
Signs of tonsillar herniation? | respiratory and cardiovascular arrest |
Signs of uncal herniation? | CN III palsy, UMN signs, papilledema |
Structure injured in contralateral neglect? | right parietal lobe |
Signs of Gerstman's syndrome? | acalulia, left-right confusion, finger agnosia; left parietal lobe |
Structure damaged in alexia without agraphia? | left splenium of corpus callosum |
Where is Broca's area? Function? | left inferior frontal gyrus; expressive speech |
Where is Wernicke's area? Function? | left supramarginal, angular, superior temporal gyri; receptive speech |
Cause of Cushing's disease? | ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma |
Signs of LH or FSH secreting adenoma? | hypogonadism and infertility |
Signs of prolactin-secreting adenoma? | amenorrhea in females; hypogonadism in men; galactorrhea, infertility, hair loss, decreased libido, weight gain |
Signs of diabetes insipidus? | polyuria, polydipsia |
Signs of SIADH? | concentrated urine with osmolality > 300 mosm/L |
SIADH treated with rapid infusion of hypertonic saline will cause? | central pontine myelinolysis |
Signs of craniopharyngioma? | visual deficits, diabetes insipidus, adiposity, developmental delay, headaches, papilledema |
Craniopharyngioma derived from? | remnant of rathke's pouch |
Bladder problems in cortical lesions (paracentral lobule)? | uninhibited, spastic bladder |
Bladder problems in brainstem/high spinal cord injury? | flaccid --> spastic [urge incontinence, hyperactive, empties too frequently] |
Bladder problems in sacral spinal cord injury? | overflow incontinence |
Disturbances of erection/ejaculation with spinal cord injury (above T12)? | loss of psychogenic erections, reflex erections intact; only reflex ejaculation |
Disturbances of erection/ejaculation with sacral spinal cord injury? | loss of reflex erection, psycogenic may be preserved; ejaculation abolished |
Signs of Horner syndrome? | constricted pupil, ptosis, red face, anhydrosis |
Components of the limbic system? | parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, hippocampus, amygdala… |
Structures in the Papez circuit? | hippocampus, mamillary body (via fornix), ant nuc of thalamus, cingulate cortex |
Function of hippocampus? | consolidation of short term memory |
Part of hippocampus most vulnerable to seizure activity? | CA4 |
Part of hippocampus most susceptable to anoxia? | CA1 |
Structure affected in Korsakoff syndrome? | mammillary bodies, dorsomedial thalamus |
Signs of Korsakoff syndrome? | amnesia, confabulation with short term memory intact |
Metabolic deficency in Korsakoff syndrome? | thiamine |
Signs sof Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? | ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and disturbances of mentation and consciousness |
Signs + injury in akinetic mutism? | immobile, mute and unresponsive but awake; bulateral lesion of cingulate gyrus |
Signs of Kluvy-Bucy syndrome? | placid, visual agnosia, hyperorality |
Brain region injured in Kluver-Bucy syndrome? | bilateral temporal lobe |
Signs of normal pressure hydrocephalus? | wet [incontinent], wacky [mental decline] and wobbly [gait difficulties] |
Structure damaged in epidural hematoma? | middle meningeal artery |
Structure damaged in subdural hematome? | bridging veins |
How do you age subdural hematomas? | acute blood is white [hyperdense] on CT; isodense in 1-2 weeks and hypodense after that |
Structure damaged in subarachnoid hemorrage? | vessels in or around the circle of willis |
Contents of cisterna magna? | vertebral artery, CN IX, X, XI and XII, choroid plexus |
Contents of prepontine cistern? | basilar artery, CN VI |
Contents of cerebellopontine cistern? | CN V, VII, VIII |
Contents of interpeduncular cistern? | CN III |
Contents of the ambient cistern? | CN IV |
Structure comprising the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle? | caudate nucleus |
Structure(s) comprising the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle? | thalamus, hypothalamus |
Structure at floor of 4th ventricle? | pons [facial colliculus], medulla [hypoglossal trigone] |
Signs of injury to facial colliculus? | IL facial paralysis + IL CN VI palsy |
Signs of injury to the reticular formation? | coma |
Components of the diencephalon? | thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal), subthalamus |
Deficits in ALS? | UMN and LMN signs, sensation intact |
Deficits in MS? | multiple (motor, sensory, special sensory, cognitive) deficits in time and lesions in space |
Deficits in Guillan-Barre? | typically follows viral illness or vaccination, ascending paralysis (LE then UE), some sensory, autonomic effects |
Structures innervated by posterior rami? | deep back muscles and overlying skin |
Dermatome for C2? | back of the scalp; greater occipital nerve [posterior ramus of C2] |
Signs of injury to musculocutaneous nerve in axilla? | decreased bicep reflex, weakness in flexion at elbow, supination, sonsory loss along lateral forearm |
Signs of injury to median nerve at elbow? | severe weakness in forearm flexion, paralysis of thenar muscles, sensory loss over palmar aspect and tips of digits 1 - 3, lateral half of digit 4 |
Signs of injury to median nerve at carpal tunnel? | paralysis of thenar muscles, sensory loss over palmar aspect and tips of digits 1 - 3, lateral half of digit 4 |
Signs of injury to ulnar nerve at cubital tunnel? | weakness in flexion of digits 4 and 5, sensory loss in 5th digit (palmar and dorsal), weakness in ab/adduction of fingers, hypothenar muscles, adductor pollicis , Froments sign, slight ulnar claw |
Signs of ulnar nerve injury at Guyon's tunnel? | sensory loss in 5th digit (palmar only), weakness in ab/adduction of fingers, hypothenar muscles, adductor pollicis , Froments sign, ulnar claw |
Signs of injury to radial nerve with midshaft humeral fracture? | wrist drop, weak supination, sensory loss on dorsum of hand, triceps normal |
Signs of injury to radial nerve in axilla? | paralyzed triceps, decreased triceps reflex, decreased brachioradialis reflex, wrist drop, weak supination, sensory loss on dorsum of hand |
Signs of lesion to upper roots of brachial plexus? | Erb-Duchenne palsy, decreased biceps + brachioradialis reflexes; arm is medial rotated and extended [cant abduct, laterally rotate of flex at elbow], sensory loss over lateral arm |
Signs of lesion to lower roots of brachial plexus? | Klumpke palsy, complete claw, sensory loss over 5th digit and medial arm, forearm |
Signs of thoracic outlet syndrome? | weakness in intrinsic hand muscles, sensory loss over 5th digit and medial arm, forearm |
Signs of injury to C5 nerve root? | weakness in abduction, lateral rotation and flexion at elbow, decreased bicep reflex, sensory loss over lateral arm |
Signs of injury to C6 nerve root? | weakness in wrist extension, flexion at elbow, decreased brachioradialis reflex, sensory loss over lateral forearm |
Signs of injury to C7 nerve root? | weakness in finger extension, elbow extension, wrist flexion, decreased tricep reflex, sensory loss over middle finger |
Signs of injury to C8 nerve root? | weakness in finger flexion, sensory loss over 4th + 5th digit, medial forearm |
Signs of injury to T1 nerve root? | weakness in finger ab/adduction, sensory loss over medial forearm/arm |
Signs of injury to lateral femoral cutaneous nerve? | sensory loss over anterior and lateral thigh; aka meralgia paresthetica |
Signs of entrapment/injury to saphenous nerve? | sensory loss along anterior and medial leg, medial malleolus and foot |
Signs of injury to femoral nerve? | paralysis of quadriceps, decreased patellar reflex, sensory loss along anterior and medial thigh, leg, medial malleolus and foot |
Signs of piriformis syndrome? | decreased achilles reflex, weakness in knee flexors, dorsiflexors, plantar flexors, sensory loss over lateral leg, lateral malleolus, dorsum of foot |
Signs of injury to common fibular nerve? | foot drop, weakness in dorsiflexion, eversion, sensory loss over lateral leg and dorsum of the foot |
Signs of injury to superficial fibular nerve? | weakness in eversion, sensory loss over dorsum of foot |
Signs of injury to deep fibular nerve? | foot drop, weakness in dorsiflexion, eversion, sensory loss in the web between 1st and 2nd toes |
Signs of injury to tibial nerve in popliteal fossa? | weakness in plantar flexion, toe flexion, weakness in intrinsic foot muscle, sensory loss on plantar surface of foot |
Signs of injury to the tibial nerve in tarsal tunnel? | weakness in intrinsic foot muscles, sensory loss on plantar surface of foot |
Signs of injury to superior gluteal nerve? | Trendelenburg sign: pelvis drops to good side during gait, paralysis of gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia lata |
Signs of injury to inferior gluteal nerve? | Paralysis of gluteus maximus, weakness in extension and lateral rotation of thigh |
Signs of injury to L2 nerve root? | weakness in leg flexion, knee extension, adduction, sensory loss over anterior thigh |
Signs of injury to L4 nerve root? | weakness in knee extension, decreased patellar reflex, sensory loss over anterior medial leg, medial malleolus |
Signs of injury to L5 nerve root? | weakness in dorsiflexion, toe extension, abduction of thigh, sensory loss over anterior leg, dorsum of foot, digits 1 and 2 |
Signs of injury to S1 nerve root? | weakness in plantar flexion, eversion, hip extension, decreased achilles reflex, sensory loss over posterior leg, digits 3-5 |
Signs of injury to S2 nerve root? | weakness in toe flexion, decreased anal wink, sensory loss over posterior thigh, perineum |
Structure infected in herpes zoster? | posterior root ganglion |
Reflex for C5? | biceps [via musculocutaenous n] |
Reflex for C6? | brachioradialis [via radial n] |
Reflex for C7? | triceps [via radial n] |
Reflex for L1? | cremaster |
Reflex for L4? | patellar tendon [quadriceps, via femoral n] |
Reflex for S1? | Achilles/calcaneal tendon [gastroc, via tibial n] |
Levels of sympathetic innervation of the eye? | T1 - T4 |
Levels of sympathetic innervation of the heart? | T1 - T4 |
Levels of sympathetic innervation of the lungs? | T2 - T7 |
Levels of sympathetic innervation of the foregut? | T5 - T9 |
Levels of sympathetic innervation of the small intestine? | T9 - T10 |
Levels of sympathetic innervation of the large instestine to splenic flexure? | T11 - L1 |
Levels of sympathetic innervation of the descending colon to rectum? | L1 - 2 |
Levels of sympathetic innervation of the kidney? | T10 - L1 |
Levels of sympathetic innervation of the testes/ovary? | T10 - 11 |
Levels of sympathetic innervation of the pelvic organs? | T11 - L2 |
Levels of sympathetic innervation of the upper limb? | T5 - 7 |
Levels of sympathetic innervation of the lower limb? | T10 - L2 |
Parasympathetic innervation of the eye? | CN III, Edinger-Westphal |
Signs of adie's pupil? | tonically dilated pupil that constricts with low dose pilocarpine |
Structure injured in Adie's pupil? | ciliary ganglion |
Parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands? | CN VII, superior salivatory |
Parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland? | CN IX, inferior salivatory |
Parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic organs? | CN X, dorsal vagal |
Parasympathetic innervation of midgut? | CN X, dorsal vagal |
Parasympathetic innervation of the kidney? | CN X, dorsal vagal |
Parasympathetic innervation of the testes/ovaries? | S2 - 4 + dorsal vagal |
Parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut? | S2 - 4 |
Parasympathetic innervation of pelvic organs? | S2 - 4 |