Question | Answer |
fi, i | i, me |
ni | we, us |
ti | you (familiar, singular) |
chi | you (polite, plural) |
fe, e | he, him |
hi | she, her |
nhw | them, they |
Ymadroddion | Sayings |
Ble? | Where? |
Pwy? | Who? |
Beth? | What? |
Sut? | How? |
Pam? | Why? |
Pryd? | When? |
Uned Un | Unit One |
Dw i, Dych chi? | I do, I am, Do you? Are You? |
i | i (singular) |
Cadarnhaol | Affirmative |
Dw i | I am/ do |
Dw i'n- | I am/ do- |
Ann dw i | Ann I am |
Jamie dw i | Jamie I am |
Negyddol | Negative |
Dw i ddim | I'm not/ don't |
Dw i ddim yn- | I'm not/ don't- |
Cwestion | Question |
Ydw i? | Am/ do I? |
Ydw i'n | Am/ do i-? |
Atebion | Answers |
Ydw | (Yes) I am/ do |
Nac Ydw | (No) I'm not/ don't |
chi | you (plural & polite) |
Dych chi | You are/ do (polite) |
Negyddol | Negative |
Dych chi ddim | You're not-, You aren't/ don't |
Dych chi ddim yn- | You're not-, You aren't/ don't- |
Cwestiwn | Question |
(Y)Dych chi? | Are/ do you? |
(Y)Dych chi'n-? | Do you-? Are you-? |
Atebion | Answers |
Ydw | (Yes) You are/ do |
Nac Ydw | (No) You aren't/ don't |
Atebion | Answers - Plural & polite |
Ydych | (Yes) You are/ do |
Nac Ydych | (No) You aren't/ don't |
Uned Dau | Unit Two |
Mae e, Mae hi | He does/ he is, She does/ she is |
e | he (singular) |
Cadarnhaol | Affirmative |
Mae e | He/ it (masc) is/ does |
Mae e'n- | He/ it (masc) is/ does- |
hi | she (singular) |
Mae hi | She/ it (fem) is/ does |
Mae hi'n- | She/ it (fem) is/ does- |
Negyddol | Negative |
Dyw e ddim yn- | He / It (masc) isn't / doesn't |
Dyw hi'n ddim yn- | She / It (fem) isn't / doesn't |
Dyw'r plant ddim yn- | The children aren't / don't |
Cwestiwn | Question |
Ydy e? | Is/ does he/ it (masc)? |
Ydy e'n-? | Is/ does he/ it (masc)- |
Ydy hi? | Is/ does she/ it (fem)? |
Ydy hi'n-? | Is/ does she/ it (fem)-? |
Atebion | Answers |
Ydy | (Yes) He/ It is/ does, She is/ does |
Nac Ydy | (No) He/ It isn't/ doesn't, She isn't/ doesn't |
Uned Tri | Unit Three |
Dyn ni, Mae'n nhw | We are/ do, They are/ do |
ni | we (plural) |
Cadarnhaol | Affirmative |
Dyn ni | We are/ do |
Dyn ni'n- | We are/ do- |
Negyddol | Negative |
Dyn ni ddim | We are't/ don't |
Dyn ni ddim yn- | We are't/ don't- |
Cwestiwn | Question |
Ydyn ni? | Are/ do we? |
Ydyn ni'n-? | Are/ do we-? |
Atebion | Answers |
Ydyn | (Yes) We are/do, They are/do |
Nac Ydyn | (No) We aren't/ don't, They aren't/ don't |
nhw | they (plural) |
Mae'n nhw | They are/ do |
Mae'n nhw'n- | They are/ do- |
Negyddol | Negative |
Dyn nhw ddim | They aren't/ don't |
Dyn nhw ddim yn- | They aren't/ don't- |
Cwestiwn | Question |
Ydyn nhw? | Are/ do they? |
Ydyn nhw'n-? | Are/ do they-? |
Atebion | Answers |
Ydyn | (Yes) We are/do, They are/do |
Nac Ydyn | (No) We aren't/ don't, They aren't/ don't |
Uned Pedwar | Unit Four |
Rwyt ti (cydnabyddus) | You are (familiar) |
ti | you (famliar & singular) |
Rwyt ti | You are/ do |
Rwyt ti'n- | You are/ do- |
Negyddol | Negative |
Dwyt ti ddim yn- | You are not- |
Cwestiwn | Question |
Wyt ti? | Are/ do you? |
Wyt ti'n-? | Are/ do you-? |
Wyt ti eisiau-(dim 'n) | Are/do you want-? |
Atebion | Answers |
Ydw | (Yes) I am |
Nac Ydw | (No) I am not |
Brawddeg bwyslais | emphasis sentence |
(Bethan) dw i | Bethan I am |
Cwestiwn | Question |
-wyt ti? (emphatic) | -you are? |
Atebion | Answers |
Ie (emphatic) | (Yes) I am |
Nage (emphatic) | (No) I am not |
Uned Pump | Unit Five |
Mae / Oes / Roedd | there is / is there? / there was |
Cadarnhaol | Affirmative |
Mae | There is |
Mae car gyda fi | I have a car (with me) (There is a car with me) |
Mae peugeot gyda fi | I have a peugeot (with me) (There is a peugeot with me) |
Mae - gyda fi | I have a - (with me) (There is a - with me) |
Mae'r coffi gyda fi | I have the coffee (with me) (The coffee is with me) |
Mae'r - gyda fi | I have the - (with me) (The - is with me) |
Cwestion | Question |
Oes | Is there-? |
Oes fflat gyda chi? | Do you have a flat? (is there a flat with you?) |
Oes - gyda chi? | Do you have a -? (is there a - with you?) |
Atebion | Answer |
Oes | (Yes) There is |
Nac Oes | (No) There isn't |
Negyddol | Negative |
Does dim | There isn't |
Does dim car gydi hi | She doesn't have a car (there isn't a car with her) |
Does dim - gydi hi | She doesn't have a - (there isn't a - with her) |
Gorffennol | Past |
Roedd | There was |
Roedd Peugeot gyda fe | He had a peugeot (with him) (There was a peugeot with him) |
Roedd - gyda fe | He had a - (with him) (There was a - with him) |
Oes plant gyda ti? | Do you have children? (Are there children with you?) |
Oes | Yes - |
Nac oes | No - |
Rheol yn Gymraeg | Rule in Welsh |
rhif & o lluosog | number & of plural |
rhif & unigol | number & singlar |
Mae (rhif) o blant gyda ni | We have - children (there is - of children with us) |
Mae (rhif) blentyn | We have - children (there is - child with us) |
Rhifau | Numbers |
Un | one (soft mutation before singular feminine noun) |
Dau (dwy - feminine & soft mut) | two -soft mutation (two - feminine, soft mutation) |
Tri (tair - feminine) | three (three - feminine) |
Pedwar (pedair - feminine) | four (four - feminine) |
Mae (un) plentyn gyda ni | We have one child (there is one child with us) |
Mae dau o blant gyda ni / mae dau blentyn gyda ni | We have two children (there are two of children with us / there is 2 child with us) |
Mae tri o blant gyda ni | We have three children (there are three of children with us) |
Mae pedwar o blant gyda ni | We have four children (there are four of children with us) |
Mae un mab gyda ni | We have one son (there is one son with us) |
Mae un mab ac un merch gyda ni | We have one son and one daughter (there is one son and one daughter with us) |
Mae dau fab gyga ni | We have two sons (there are two son with us) |
Mae dau fab a dwy ferch gyda ni | We have two sons and two daughters (there are two son and two daughter with us) |
Mae tri mab gyda ni | We have three sons (there are three son with us) |
Mae tair merch gyda ni | We have three daughters (there are three daughter with us) |
Gerifa | Vocabulary |
rheol (eb) | rule (nf) |
plentyn (eg) | child (nm) |
plant (eg) | children (nm) |
mab (eg) (meibion) | son (nm) |
merch (eb) (merched) | daughter, girl, female (nf) |
Uned Saith | Unit Seven |
Y Gorffennol - Es i. | The past - I went |
mynd | to go |
Cardarnhaol | Affirmative |
Es i- | I went- |
Es i i'r- | I went to the-(specific) |
Es i i- | I went to-(general) |
Aethoch chi- | You went-(polite) |
Aethoch chi i'r- | You went to the- (specific) |
Aethoch chi i- | You went to-(general) |
Est ti- | You went-(familiar) |
Est ti i'r- | You went to the- (specific) |
Est ti i- | You went to-(general) |
Aeth e- | He went- |
Aeth e i'r | He when to the-(specific) |
Aeth e i- | He went to-(general) |
Aeth hi- | She went- |
Aeth hi i'r | She went to the-(specific) |
Aeth he i- | She went to-(general) |
Aethon ni- | We went- |
Aethon ni i'r- | We went to the-(specific) |
Aethon ni i- | We went to-(general) |
Aethon nhw- | They went- |
Aethon nhw i'r- | They went to the-(specific) |
Aethon nhw i- | They went to-(general) |
Atebion | Answer |
Do | (Yes)- |
Naddo | (No)- |
Negyddol | Negative |
Es i ddim- | I didn't- |
Aethoch chi ddim- | You didn't- |
Est ti ddim- | You didn't- |
Aeth e ddim- | He didn't- |
Aeth hi ddim- | She didn't- |
Aethon ni ddim- | We didn't- |
Aethon nhw ddim- | They didn't- |
i'r | to the |
dyn ni'n dweud | we say |
i'r gwaith | to work |
i'r gwely | to bed |
i'r ysgol | to school |
Uned Wyth | Unit Eight |
Y Gorffennol - Gwnes i | The past - I did, I made |
gwneud | to do / to make |
Cardarnhaol | Affirmative |
Gwnes i | I did / I made- |
Gwnest i'r | I did the / I made the- |
Gwnaethoch chi- | You did / made- (polite) |
Gwnaethoch chi'r- | You did the / made the-(polite) |
Gwnest ti- | You did / made- (familiar) |
Gwnest ti'r- | You did the / made the- |
Gwnaeth e- | He did / made- |
Gwaeth e'r- | He did the / made the- |
Gwnaeth hi- | She did / made- |
Gwnaeth hi'r- | She did the / made the- |
Gwnaethon ni- | We did / made- |
Gwnaethon ni'r- | We did the / made the- |
Gwnaethnon nhw- | They did / made- |
Gwnaethnon nhw'r- | The did the / made the- |
Cwestion (tm) | Question |
Wnes i- | Did I do / make-? |
Wnaethoch chi- | Did you do / make-? |
Wnest ti- | Did you do / make-? (familiar) |
Wnaeth e- | Did he do / make-? |
Wnaeth hi- | Did she do / make-? |
Wnaethon ni- | Did we do / make-? |
Wnaethon nhw- | Did they do / make-? |
Atebion | Answer |
Do | (Yes)- |
Naddo | (No)- |
Negyddol (tm) | Negative |
Wnes i ddim- | I didn't (make) - |
Wnaethoch chi ddim- | You didn't (make) - |
Wnest ti ddim- | You didn't (make) - (familiar) |
Wnaeth e ddim- | He didn't (make) - |
Wnaeth hi ddim- | She didn't (make) - |
Wnaethon ni ddim- | We didn't (make) - |
Wnaethon nhw ddim- | They didn't (make) - |
Mae treiglad meddal ar ôl y person: e.e. Gwnest i goffi | Soft mutation after the 'person' |
Mae teiglad meddal ar ôl: Pwy? Beth? | Soft mutation after: Who? What? |
Uned Naw | Unit Nine |
Y Gorffennol Cryno | The Past Concise (preterite ending) |
Cardarnhaol | Affirmative |
ais i | I did - verb |
Golchais i'r car (golchi) | I washed the car |
Golchas i'r llestri | I washed the dishes |
och chi | You did - verb (polite, plural) |
Ffonioch chi fi (ffonio) | You phoned me |
Ffonioch chi fe | You phoned him |
aist ti | You did - verb (familiar) |
Ffoniast ti hi (ffonio) | You phoned her |
Ffoniast ti nhw | You phoned them |
odd e | He did - verb |
Prynodd e fara (prynu) | He bought bread |
Prynodd e goffi | He bought coffi |
odd hi | She did - verb |
Prynodd hi te (prynu) | She bought tea |
Prynodd hi laeth | She bought milk |
on ni | We did - verb |
Yfon ni goffi (yfed) | We drank coffi |
Yfon ni de | We drank tea |
on nhw | They did - verb |
Bwyton nhw frecwast (bwyta) | They ate breakfast |
Bwyton nhw ginio | They ate dinner / lunch |
Atebion | Answer |
Do | (Yes)- |
Naddo | (No)- |
Mae treiglad meddal ar ôl y person: e.e. Gwnest i goffi | Soft mutation after the 'person' |
Mae teiglad meddal ar ôl: Pwy? Beth? | Soft mutation after: Who? What? |
Rheolau ffeindio'r bôn | Rules to find the root |
bwtya - bwyt (mae llafariad unigol ar ddiwedd y gair yn diflannu) | bwyt - a single vowel at the end of the word disappears |
nofio - nofi (mae 'io' ar ddiwedd y gair yn troi'n "i") | nofi - the io at the end of the word becomes i |
cerdded - cerdd (mae 'ed' ac 'eg' yn diflannu | cerdd - the ed and eg disappears |
sairad - siarad | siarad - if it ends with a consonant but not ed/eg keep the ending |
Uned Deg | Unit Ten |
Y Gorffennol - Cwestiynau | The Past - questions |
Cwestiwn | Question |
och chi | did you? (plural, polite) |
Fwytoch chi frecwast? (bwyta) | Did you eat breakfast? |
Fwytoch chi ginio? | Did you eat dinner? |
Fwytoch chi de? | Did you eat tea? |
Fwytoch chi swper? | Did you eat supper? |
odd e | did he? |
Dalodd e am y bwyd? (talu) | Did he pay for the food? |
Dalodd e am y car? | Did he pay for the car? |
Dalodd e am y llyfr? | Did he pay for the book? |
Dalodd e am y tocynanu? | Did he pay for the tickets? |
odd hi | did she? |
Gysgodd hi'n dda? (cysgu) | Did she sleep well? |
Gysgodd hi'n hwyr? | Did she sleep late? |
Gysgodd hi'n drwm? | Did she sleep heavily? |
Gysgodd hi'n dawel? | Did she sleep quietly? |
on nhw | Did they? |
Briodon nhw yn y gwanwyn? (priodi) | Did they get married in the spring? |
Briodon nhw yn yr haf? | Did they get married in the summer? |
Briodon nhw yn yr hydref? | Did they get married in the autumn? |
Briodon nhw yn y gaeaf? | Did they get married in the winter? |
on ni | did we? |
Yfon ni goffi? | Did we drink coffee? |
Yfon ni de? | Did we drink tea? |
aist ti | did you (familiar) |
Welaist ti'r gêm? (gweld) | Did you see the game? |
Welaist ti'r rhaglen? | Did you see the programme? |
Welaist ti'r ffilm? | Did you see the film? |
Welasit ti'r ddrama? | Did you see the play? |
Atebion | Answer |
Do | (Yes)- |
Naddo | (No)- |
Dyn ni'n ffurfio'r cwestiwn drwy newid y llais: smwddiaist ti - smwddiaist ti? (smwddio) | We're forming a question by changing the voice: You ironed - Did you iron? |
a thrwy ychwanegu treiglad meddal: prynaist ti - brynaist ti? (prynu) | and by adding a soft mutation: you bought - did you buy? |
mae treiglad meddal ar ol beth, pwy, faint: faint glywoch chi? (clywed) | a soft mutation after what, who, how: how did you hear? |
Uned Undegun | Unit Eleven |
Y Gorffennol - Negyddol | The Past - Negative |
Negyddol | Negative |
ais i ddim | i didn't |
Yfais (yfed) i ddim wisgi | I didn't drink wisky |
Yfais i ddim brandi | I didn't drink brandi |
Yfais i ddim jin | I didn't drink gin |
Yfais i ddim fodca | I didn't drink vodka |
odd e ddim | she didn't |
Fwytodd (bwyta) e ddim brecwast | She didn't eat breakfast |
Fwytodd e ddim cinio | She didn't eat dinner |
Fwytodd e ddim te | She didn't eat tea |
Fwytodd e ddim swper | She didn't eat supper |
on ni ddim | we didn't |
Thalon (talu) ni ddim llawer | We didn't pay (a) lot |
Thalon ni ddim gormod | We didn't pay too much |
Thalon ni ddim digon | We didn't pay enough |
Thalon ni ddim byd | We didn't pay anything (nothing) |
on nhw ddim | they didn't |
Phrynon (prynu) nhw ddim bara | They didn't buy bread |
Phrynon nhw ddim coffi | They didn't buy coffee |
Phrynon nhw ddim te | They didn't buy tea |
Phrynon nhw ddim byd | They didn't buy anything |
ais i ddim o'r | i didn't - any of the |
Olchais (golchi) i ddim o'r llestri | I didn't wash any of the dishes |
Olchais i ddim o'r dillad | I didn't wash any of the clothes |
Olchais i ddim o'r car | I didn't wash any of the car |
Olchais i ddim o'r llawr | I didn't wash any of the floor |
Treiglad meddal gyda b,d,g,ll,rh,m: fwytais (bwyta) i ddim | Soft mutation with b,d,g,ll,rh,m: I didn't eat |
Treiglad llaes gyda t (th), c (ch), p (ph): Thalais i ddim | Aspirate mutation with t (th), c (ch), p (ph): I didn't pay |
Amhenodol | Non-specific |
Darllenais i lyfr | I read (a) book |
Ddarllenais i ddim llyfr | I didn't read (a) book |
Penodol | Specific |
Darllenais i'r lyfr | I read the book |
Ddarllenais i ddim o'r llyfr | I didn't read any of the book (a specific book) |
Uned UndegTri | Unit Thirteen |
dod | to come |
Cardarnhaol | Affirmative |
des i | I came |
dest ti | you came |
daeth e/hi | s/he came |
daethon ni | we came |
daethoch chi | you came (plural) |
daethon nhw | they came |
Des i ar y bws | I came on the bus |
Des i ar y tren | I came on the train |
Des i yn y car | I came in the car |
Des i mewn tacsi | I came in a taxi |
Daeth hi gyda fi | She came with me |
Daeth hi gyda fe | She came with him |
Daeth hi gyda ni | She came with us |
Daeth hi gyda nhew | She came with them |
Cwestiwn | Question |
Ddaethoch chi | Did you come |
Ddaethoch chi ar y bws? | Did you come on the bus? |
Ddaethoch chi ar y tren? | Did you come on the train? |
Ddaethoch chi yn y car? | Did you come in the car? |
Ddaethoch chi mewn tacsi? | Did you come in a taxi? |
Negyddol | Negative |
Ddaethon ni ddim ar y bws | We didn't come on the bus |
Ddaethon ni ddim ar y trên | We didn't come on the train |
Ddaethon ni ddim yn y car | We didn't come in the car |
Ddaethon ni ddim mewn tacsi | We didn't come in a taxi |
Atebion | Answer |
Do | (Yes)- |
Naddo | (No)- |
Dod â | to bring |
Daethon nhw â | They brought |
Daethon nhw â'r parsel | They brought the parcel |
Daethon nhw â'r llythyr | They brought the letter |
Daethon nhw â'r anrheg | They brought the present |
Daethon nhw â'r siec | They brought the cheque |
mae 'dod' yn rhedeg fel 'mynd' yn y gorffennol | coming' is run as a 'go' in the past |
Mae treiglad meddal gyda'r negyddol | Soft mutation with the negative |
mae treiglad meddal gyda'r cwestiwn | soft mutation with the question |
Uned Undegpedwar | Unit Fourteen |
cael | to get, to have |
Cardarnhaol | Affirmative |
ces i | I got/ had |
cest ti | you got/ had |
cafodd e/hi (caeth e/hi) | s/he got/ had |
cawson ni (caethon ni) | we got/ had |
cawsoch chi (caethoch chi) | you got/ had (plural) |
cawson nhw | they got/ had |
Ces i uwd i frecwast | I had porridge for breakfast |
Ces i wy i frecwast | I had egg for breakfast |
Ces i dost i frecwast | I had toast for breakfast |
Ces i goffi i frecwast | I had coffee for breakfast |
Cafodd e ddau wisgi | He had two wiskeys |
Cafodd e dri wisgi | He had three wiskeys |
Cafodd e bedwar wisg | He had four wiskeys |
Cafod e bum wisgi | he had five wiskeys |
Cwestiwn | Question |
Beth gawsoch chi i frecwast? | What did you have for breakfast? |
Beth gawsoch chi i ginio? | What did you have for lunch? |
Beth gawsoch chi i de? | What did you have for tea? |
Beth gawsoch chi i swper? | What did you have for supper? |
Gawson nhw rywbeth i fwyta? | Did they have something to eat? |
Gawson nhw rywbeth i yfed? | Did they have something to drink? |
Gawson nhw rywbeth i ddarllen? | Do they have something to read? |
Gawson nhw rywbeth i wario? | Do they have something to spend? |
Beth gest ti i frecwast? | What did you have for breakfast? |
Beth gest ti i ginio? | What did you have for lunch? |
Beth gest ti i de? | What did you have for tea? |
Beth gest ti i swper? | What did you have for supper? |
Negyddol | Negative |
Chawson ni ddim wisgi | We didn't have wiskey |
Chawson ni ddim gwin | We didn't have wine |
Chawson ni ddim cwrw | We didn't have beer |
Chawson ni ddim byd | We didn't have anything |
Atebion | Answer |
Do | (Yes)- |
Naddo | (No)- |
treiglad llaes gyda'r negyddol | Nasal mutation with the negative |
treiglad meddal gyda'r cwestiwn | Soft mutation with the question |
Uned Undegpump | Unit Fifteen |
bod | to be |
Cardarnol | Affirmative |
Bues i | I did be/ have been |
Buest ti | you did be/ have been |
Buodd e/hi | s/he did be/ have/ has been |
Buon ni | we did be/ have been |
Buoch chi | you did be/ have been (plural) |
Buon nhw | they did be/ have been |
Bues i yn y tŷ | I have been in the house |
Bues i yn y dre | I have been in the town |
Bues i yn y gwaith | I have been in the work |
Bues i yn y ardd | I have been in the garden |
Buon nhw yn nhŷ Bethan | They have been in Bethan's house |
Buon nhw yn nhŷ Gareth | They have been in Gareth's house |
Buon nhw yn nhŷ Dafydd | They have been in Dafydd's house |
Buon nhw yn nhŷ Rhian | They have been in Rhian's house |
Cwestiwn | Question |
Ble buoch chi ddoe? | Where have you been yesterday? |
Ble buoch chi yn y bore? | Where have you been in the morning? |
Ble buoch chi yn y prynhawn? | Where have you been in the afternoon? |
Ble buoch chi yn y nos? | Where have you been in the night? |
Fuodd hi yn y tafarn? | Has she been in the pub? |
Fuodd hi yn y gwely? | Has she been in the bed? |
Fuodd hi yn u sinema? | Has she been in the cinema? |
Fuodd hi yn y theatr? | Has she been in the theatre? |
Ble buest ti bore Sadwrn? | Where have you been Saturday morning? |
Ble buest ti bore Sul? | Where have you been Sunday morning? |
Ble buest ti bore Llun? | Where have you been Monday morning? |
Ble buest ti bore Mawrth? | Where have you been Tuesday morning? |
Negyddol | Negative |
Fuon ni ddim yn y tafarn | We haven't been in the pub |
Fuon ni ddim yn y dre | We haven't been in the town |
Fuon ni ddim yn y gêm | We haven't been in the game |
Fuon ni ddim yn y cyngerdd | We haven't been in the concert |
Atebion | Answer |
Do | (Yes)- |
Naddo | (No)- |
Mae treiglad meddal gyda'r cwestiwn | Soft mutation with the question |
Mae treiglad meddal gyda'r negyddol | Soft mutation with the negative |