Question | Answer |
How is the scientific method used to solve problems? | an orderly method for gaining, organizing and applying new knowledge. |
Components that make up scientific method? | observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, conclusion |
What is the principal of falsifiability | In order for a hypothesis to be considered scientific, it must be testable and aim to prove things to be false. |
Define fact. | a phenomenon about which competent observers can agree. |
Define theory | foundation, but evolves. Example: theory of relativity |
Define Law | hypothesis tested over and over a/k/a principle |
Define evidence | |
Define experiment | |
What did Galileo do to challenge Aristotle's belief that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones? | He experimented. He dropped heavy and light objects from Tower of Pisa |
What is a system? | Digestive system, tree, etc. |
How are systems used to study science/biology? | Whole is greater than sum of its parts. |
What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? | Inductive reasoning - observe to reach conclusion. Deductive reasoning - From general to specific. |
How is creativity used in science? | x |
How are hypotheses used in scientific inquiry? | Tentative answer to well-framed questions. |
What elements are imporant when designing a controlled experiment? | Exclude variable. |
How does a hypothesis differ from a scientific theory? | Hypothesis is a guess. A theory is based on foundation, but evolves. |
What is the relationship between science and technology? | Science gathers knowledge and organizes it. Technology provides instruments to conduct investigations. |
Explain how field studies are used in science. | x |
Define biology | Matther that is alive. |
Chemistry | How matter is put together. |
Physics. | Motoin, force, energy. |
Geology. | Earth |
Earth science | Physics and chemistry applied to earth |
Astronomy | Apply physics, chemistry, and geology to planets and stars. |
What is the goal of using an integrated approach to study science? | To understand the world, enhanced beauty and appreciation for nature. |
Explain the limitations of science. | x |
Explain the limitations of a scientific investigation. | Unseen error in experiments. |
How does biology integrate other disciplines? Give an example. | x |
Describe the themes that unify biology. | x |
Define grams | Measures mass |
Define Liters | Measures volume |
Define micrometers | Measures very small objects (ants, etc.) |
Define km/hr | Kilometers per hour - measures speed |
Define millimeters | measures length |
Define meters/second/second (m/s2) | acceleration of freefall |
Define amperes | Measures rate of electrical flow |
Define pH units | measures potential of hydrogen |
Define Newtons | Measures units of force |
define volts | measures electrical pressure |
define ohms | measures electrical resistance |
define joules | measures energy |
define millivolts | 1/1000 of a volt; milli=1,000 |
define nanometers | measures distance |
define kilograms | measures mass |
define Kelvin | measures temperature |
define grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) | measures mass density |
define meters | measures length |
define watts | measures electricity |
Why do we use machines? | Conserve energy |
What is the equation for work? | Work = force x distance |
How does a simple machine affect work output? | multiplies forces or changes direction of force |
How does a simple machine affect force output? | increases magnitude - a mechanical advantage has been produced. |
What is the difference between force output and work output? | x |
List the types of simple machines. | Lever, wheel & axlly, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw |
What is the mechanical advantage of a lever? | Applied force of 10 pounds will balance resisted force of 100 pounds (jack, etc.) |
What is the mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle? | Speed and distance increased five times |
What is the mechanical advantage of a pulley? | Changes direction of force |
What is the mechanical advantage of an inclined plane? | x |
What is the mechanical advantage of a wedge? | x |
What is the mechanical advantage of a screw? | x |
What is gravitational force? | gravitational force between objects due to mass |
Explain what happens to the gravitational force when there is a change in mass and/or distance. | Force becomes weaker. |
Use an example to explain the inverse-square law. | Light gets dimmer with distance. |
What is projectile motion? | Only force acting on object is gravity. |
How does an object become a satellite? | If it moves fast enought so that its curved path matches earth's curvature. |
What happens to a satellite when its speed exceeds 8 km/s? | It will overshoot a circular path and wioll trace an oval path - an ellipse |
Explain the role of gravity in the formation of solar systems and galaxies. | Dust attractd together by gravity collapsed |
List the ways that gravity affects the objects in the solar system. | Gravity makes planets spherical, maitain orbits. |
Why does the same side of the moon always face the earth? | Moon rotates as earth rotates. |
Explain the relationship between thermal energy and gravitational force in a star's life cycle. | When stars/planets contract, gravitational potential energy is converted to thermal energy |
How does gravity affect light in a black hole? | It absorbs all light. |
How does gravitational field affect light? | Causes path of light to be bent. |
What is the electrical force? | Positives repel positives, but attract negatives. |
Explain the conservation of charge. | When something is charged, no electrons are created or destroyed; just transferred from one material to another |
How is Coulomb's law regarding electrical force similar to Newton's law of universal gravitation? | The electrical force, like gravitational force, decreases as distance increases. |
How does Coulomb's law differ from Newton's law of universal gravitation? | Electrical forces attract or repel; gravity only attracts |
Describe the inverse-square law | Charge and gravity decreases with distance |
What happens when a charged particle enters an electric field? | Force on positive charge (proton) is in same direction as field. |
How can electric potential energy increase? | Do work on it; pushing positively charged article closer |
Explain what volt means when referring to a nine-volt battery. | Electrical potential and voltage are same thing. |
Explain why glass is an insulator whereas silver is a conductor. | electrical conductors are materials that allow charged particles (electrons) to pass through easily; metals have loose electrons-glass has bonded electrons. |
Why is a potential difference needed for an electric current? | Charges flow from higher potential to lower potential; without difference,, no flow of charge will occur. |
Explain the difference between direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). | DC - electrons move from negative to positive in same direction. AC - electgrons move in both directions. |
Explain the relationship between current, resistance, and voltage in ohm's law. | Twice current for twice voltage. The greater the resistance, the smaller the current. |
What is a resistor? | Circuit element that regulates current. |
How does a parallel circuit differ from a series circuit? | Parallel has more than one path. Series has only one way around. |
How does magnetic force differ from electric force? | The force exerted between two magnetic poles |
Explain what makes an object magnetic. | Movement of electrical charges and miniature magnetic field of particles. |
How doe sa compass work? | The earth is a huge magnet. |
What is an electromagnet? | Charges at rest do not respond to magnets. |
Describe how moving charges interact with a magnetic field. | They are deflected. |
Why does a magnet deflect a current-carrying wire? | Charged particles inside the wire are also deflected. |
Explain electromagnetic induction. | An electric field is induced in any region of space in which a magnetic field is changing with time. |
How do electric motors work? | Rotating coils of wire driven by magnetic force. |
What is potential energy? | Energy stored in an object due to its position. |
Example of potential energy. | Compressed spring |
Example of electrical potential energy. | Batteries |
Example of chemical potential energy | glucose molecule, fuels |
Example of gravitational potential energy | elevated objects |
What factors affect the amount of gravitational potential energy? | elevation, weight |
Explain what happens to kinetic energy when the mass and speed of an object changes. | twice mass = twice kinetic energy. If you double speed of car, you increase kinetic energy x7; triple speed, x9 |
Examples of different types of kinetic energy | Moving car, wind, divers - anything in motion |
Explain the law of conservation of energy. | In the absence of external work or output, the energy of a system remains unchanged. Energy cannon be created or destroyed. |
What is Newton's first law of motion? | Objects at rest stay at rest or in a straight line unless force is applied. |
What is Newton's second law of motion? | Acceleration is due to force and mass |
What is Newton's third law of motion? | When one object exerts a force on another, it pushes back with equal force |
What is a wave? | A vibration/wiggle that travels. |
Describe amplitude | Distance from midpoint/center of wave to top/crest |
describe wavelength | distance from beginning of one wave to beginning of next wave |
Describe frequency | number of to and fro vibrations in one second |
describe period | the time required for a vibration/wave to make a complete cycle |
summarize radio waves | AM is measured in kilohertz - 960 am broadcasts at 960,000 vibrations per second. FM broadcasts radio waves at frequency of 101,7000,000 hertz |
Explain the difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave | transvers - perpendicular/sideways to direction wave travels; longitudinal - parallel to direction of wave. |
Give example of transverse wave | radio waves, lightwaves, musicla instruments |
Give example of longitudinal wave | slinky |
What changes the pitch of sound? | The Doppler Effect - ambulance getting closer, the waves are more frequent and has higher pitch; once ambulance passes, waves are less frequent and has lower pitch |
Explain how different factors affect the speed of sound? | Sound travels faster in warm air, faster in water than air, and even faster in steel - cannot travel in a vacuum |
Why do submerged objects appear to be nearer the surface than they actually are? | refraction |
Explain reflection | The returning of a wave to the medium from which it came when it hits a barrier |
explain refraction | bending of waves due to change in medium |
explain diffraction | bending of light by means other than reflection or refraction |
Give example of constructive intereferenc | increases amplitude |
Give exmaple of destructive interference | decreases amplitude |
Describe how the Doppler Effect explains teh change in pitch of a fire-engine siren and the movement of a galaxy | When light approaches, increase in frequency-blue; decreasing is red. Galaxies are moving farther away |
How does light act as both a wave and a particle? | It is a sdtream of photons when it reacts with metal or other conductor, otherwise, it is a wave |
Explain how energy is transferred by transverse waves | vibrate up and down and side to side |
explain how energy is transferred by longitudinal waves | compress and expand |
explain how energy is transferred by sound waves | x |
explain how energy is transferred by infrasonic waves | x |
explain how energy is transferred by ultrasonic waves | x |
explain how energy is transferred by radio waves | x |
explain how energy is transferred by ocean waves | x |
What is an electromagnetic wave? | An energy-carrying wave produced when an electric charge accelerates. |
explain how energy is transferred by S-waves (secondary earthquke waves) | This is a body wave and transvers, cannot travel through liquid |
Describe how a tsunami transfers energy | Seismic sea wave cauesd by earthquake, volcano, or explosion; overlying plate bends downward and then snaps up; subduction zones |
Describe the types of electromagnetic waves that are located on the electromagnetic spectrum | x |
Compare the wavelengths, frequency, and energy of the different types of electromagnet waves | x |
What is an electromagnetic wave? | An energy-carrying wave produced when an electric charge accelerates |
How are all electromagnetic waves the same? How do they differ? | Travel at same speed; differ in frequency and wavelength |
What do we use gamma rays for? | highest frequency - only in space - most dangerous |
What do we use x-rays for? | medical, fractures, bones, teeth |
What do we use Ultraviolet radiation for? | Blacklights |
What do we use infrared? | Photography |
What do we use microwaves for? | cooking! |
What do we use radio waves for (AM and FM) | |