| Question | Answer |
| question of fact | a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion |
| question of value | a question about the worth, rightness, morality, merit of an idea or action |
| question of policy | a question about whether or not a specific course of action should be taken |
| ethos | credibility- establish self as believable and authoritative- based upon the audience's perceptions |
| competence | audience's perceptions of the speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject |
| character | audience's perception of the speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience
not stable |
| establishing ethos | 1. explain competence
2. establish common ground
3. deliver speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction |
| pathos | emotional appeal- appeal to the feelings and values of the audience |
| establishing pathos | 1. use emotional language
2. develop vivid examples
3. speak with sincerity and conviction |
| logos | logic- evidence-> reasoning/warrant-> claim |
| example/generalization | one represents all
are there counter-examples?
are examples fit group?
are there enough examples? |
| analogy | the known=the unknown
are they truly similar in relevant ways?
similar enough?
any major differences? |
| causal | this causes that
is this a sufficient cause?
did the cause happen because of the effect? |
| sign | observed indicates unobserved
is there a more plausible alternative explanation?
is x an unusual case?
can this sign be found without y occurring? |
| deduction | going from general to specific; reasoning from principle
do you accept the general principle? is the characteristic possessed by all members of the class?
is the person or thing genuinely a member of that class? |
| hasty generalization | draw conclusions based on too few or atypical examples |
| false analogy | compare things that are not alike in significant respects or that have critical points of difference |
| false cause | assume that because two events are associated in time, one must have caused the other |
| single cause | attributing only one cause to a complex problem |
| slippery slope | assumes that a given event is the first in a series of steps that will inevitably lead to some outcome |
| ad hominem | attack on the person rather than the argument |
| straw man argument | create a weak argument, attribute it to the other side, then tear it apart |
| nonsequitur | conclusion not related to the evidence |
| bandwagon | everyone is doing it, therefore it is good |
| red herring | divert attention from the subject by introducing an irrelevant issue |
| either/ or reasoning | creates a false dichotomy |
| authorship | is the author clearly identified? what are his/ her qualifications? |
| sponsorship | who is the sponsoring organization for the website? |
| recency | how old is the website? |
| numerical data | are statistics representative?
are statistical measures used correctly?
are statistics from a reliable source? |
| statistics | to quantify ideas
use sparingly
identify source
explain
round off
use visual aids to illustrate |
| testimony | quote or paraphrase accurately
use from qualified source
from unbiased sources
identify the people you quote |
| problem solution outline | the goal is to change an attitude. when your audience is unaware of the problem or how serious it is or is hostile or skeptical. |
| comparative advantages | everyone agrees there is a problem, but there is a lack of agreement on the solution. |
| motivated sequence | your audience agrees with you, but has not acted. want to mobilize your audience to take a specific action. |
