Question | Answer |
Frame of reference | -sum of person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, attitudes.
-speech is filtered through audience's frame of reference |
Public Speaking v. Conversation, similarities (4) | -organizing thoughts logically
-tailoring message to audience
-telling story for maximum impact
-adapting to feedback |
Public Speaking v. Conversation, differences (3) | -public speaking more highly structured
-public speaking requires more formal language
-public speaking different method of delivery |
Reducing speech anxiety (6) | -power of visualization
-know that most nervousness is not visible
-don't expect perfection
-prepare, prepare, prepare
-think positively |
Questions to consider for informative speaking (5) | -is the info communicated accurately?
-is the info communicated clearly?
-is the info made meaningful and interesting to the audience? |
4 speech topics | -objects (visible, tangible, stable)
-processes (specific series of actions that leads to an end result)
-events (things that happened)
-concepts (abstract beliefs, theories, ideals) |
Choosing a topic (2 questions) | -what do you know?
-what do you want to know about? |
Specific purpose guidelines (5) | -full infinite phrase
-statement, not question
-avoid figurative language
-limit to one distinct idea
-avoid being vague |
Questions to ask when writing an informative speech (5) | -does it meet the assignment?
-can I accomplish this purpose in the time allotted?
-is the purpose relevant to my audience?
-is the purpose too trivial for my audience?
-is the purpose too technical? |
Central Idea | -one sentence statement
-encapsulate major ideas of speech |
Central Idea Guidelines (4) | -express as full sentence
-don't express as question
-avoid figurative language
-don't be vague |
Informative Speech Guidelines (5) | -don't be too technical
-avoid abstractions
-personalize ideas
-don't overestimate what audience knows
-relate subject to audience |
Avoiding Abstractions | -make more understandable... break down statistics. ex: "1/5 of the people in this class..." instead of "45% of people..." |
Audience Centered Questions (3) | -to whom am I speaking
-what do I want them to know, believe, or do?
-What is most effective way of accomplishing that aim? |
Demographic Audience Analysis (6) | -age
-gender
-sexual orientation
-racial, ethnic, cultural background
-religion
-group membership |
Situational Audience Analysis (5) | -size
-physical setting
-disposition toward topic
-disposition toward speaker
-disposition toward occasion |
Questions to consider for informative speaking (3) | -is the info communicated accurately?
-is the info communicated clearly?
-is the info made meaningful and interesting to the audience? |
Organization | 1. Central Idea (w/ preview)
2. MP1, MP2, MP3 |
Main Points (6) | -Mutually exclusive
-balanced
-logically divided
-parallel structure when possible
-clearly related to central idea
-appropriate level of generality |
Ordering MP: chronological | -according to time pattern |
Ordering MP: spatial | -according to a physical space or directional pattern |
Ordering MP: causal | -according to a cause-effect relationship |
Ordering MP: topical | -according to subtopics, logical categories, or components |
Supporting material | -material designed to support a speaker's ideas |
connectives | -words or phrases that connects ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them |
transitions | -idea leaving and idea stating need to be connected w/ transition |
internal previews | -statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next |
internal summaries | -statements in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point |
sign posts | brief statement that indicates where speaker is at or that focuses attention on key ideas |
intro (10) | -relate topic to audience
-state importance of topic
-startle/ intrigue the audience
-arouse curiosity
-question the audience (using "you" in the question)
-begin with a quote
-tell a story
-reveal topic
-establish credibility
-preview body |
conclusion | -signal end of speech
-reinforce the central idea
-summarize speech
-end w/ quote
-make dramatic statement
-refer to the intro |
ethics (4) | -truthful/ honest speech
*no omitting facts
*proper stats
-be prepared
*no assumptions
*quality info
-ethical goals
-respect |
Main point | -parallel wording
-fit w/ central idea
-balanced amount of material |