Question | Answer |
Thiazide Diuretics | - **FIRST LINE DRUGS FOR HYPERTENSION**
- reduce blood volume and arterial resistance |
Thiazide Diuretics: Hydrochlorothiazide | - used most widely |
Thiazide Diuretics adverse effects: | - hypokalemia ( avoid by eating K+ rich foods)
- dehydration, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia |
Loop Diuretics | - Produce much greater diuresis than Thiazides
-For patients who need greaer diuresis and with low GFR |
Loop Diuretics adverse effects | - hypokalemia, dehydration, hyperglycemia, HEARING LOSS |
Potassium Sparing Diuretics | - degree of diuresis is small
only have modest hypotensive effects |
Potassium Sparing Diuretics adverse effects | - Hyperkalemia
- NOT TO BE USED WITH OTHER DIURETICS OR K+ SUPPLEMENTS |
Sympatholytics (Antiadrenergic Drugs) | - suppress influence of the sympathetic nervous system
5 categories
1. Beta blockers
2. alpha 1 blockers
3. alpha/beta blockers
4. centrally acting alpha 2 angonist
5 adrenergic neuron blockers |
Sympatholytics (Antiadrenergic Drugs): Beta Blockers ("OLOL") | - less effective in African Americans |
Sympatholytics (Antiadrenergic Drugs): Beta Blockers actions | - decrease HR and contractility
- supress reflex tachycardia
- reduces release of renin from kidney
- long term use reduces peripheral vascular resistance |
Beta Blockers ADVERSE EFFECTS | - bradycardia
- decreased AV conduction
- reduced contractility
- NOT to be used on pt's w/ sick sinus syndrome or AV block
-AVOIDED IN ASTHMA PATIENTS |
Beta Blockers and diabetes | - can mask signs of hypoglycemia |
Beta Blockers SIDE EFFECTS | -Depression, dreams, insomnia, sexual dysfunction |
ALPHA 1 BLOCKERS ("OSIN") | -prevent stimulation of alpha 1 receptors on arteries and veins preventing vasoconstriction |
ALPHA 1 BLOCKERS ("OSIN"): disturbing side effect | - Orthostatic hypotension
- NOT TO BE USED AS FIRST LINE THERAPY |
Alpha/ Beta Blockers : CARVEDILOL & LABETALOL "LOL' NOT OLOL | - Unusual because they block both alpha and beta
- side effects: bradycardia, AV Heart block, asthma, postural hypotension |
Centrally Acting Alpha 2 Agonists (clonidine & methyldopa) | - act within brainstem to suppress sympathetic outflow to the heart and blood vessels
- Adverse effects: DRY MOUTH , sedation, rebound hypertension |
Adrenergic Neuron Blockers: RESERPINE | - Depletes NE from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals, reducing sympathetic stimulation of the heart and blood vessels |
Adrenergic Neuron Blockers: RESERPINE adverse effects | - depletes serotonin & catecholamines
- DEEP DEPRESSION, NOT TO BE USED IN PATIENT WITH HX OF DEPRESSION!!! |