Question | Answer |
when do first words appear? | around 12 months.
first words with intentional meaning around this time. |
when does vocabulary explosion happen? | 18-20 months. |
during what time is most of morphology developed? | between the ages of 3 and 5. |
three of the most abnormally developing children: | - downs syndrome
- SLI children
- williams syndrome children |
where is DNA stored? | in chromosomes! |
humans have how many chromosomes and how many pairs? | 46 chromosomes
23 pairs. |
female/ male chromosomes | female: xx
male: xy
x chromosomes very large, y very small. |
what are genes made up off? | sequences of amino acids that occur on chromosomes. |
genes give instructions for making what? | proteins! |
how many genes in the human genome? | ~35k. |
phenylketonuria (PKU) | baby cant metabolize certain proteins which build up to toxic levels causing mental retardation and death. |
how are alleles created? | when a DNA mutation is passed onto the next generation. it leads to alleles (variants) of the affected genes. |
how does a linkage study start? | starts with a SET of syblings in which atleast two have the target disorder. |
what three things do twin studies assess? | ACE Model. (sometimes HCE)
-Additive Genetics (or H heretability)
-Common Environment
-Unique Environment |
how frequent is autism? in males versus females? | 1 in 150 births.
4x as common in males.
(actually highly intelligent females). |
which areas does autism affect? | communication
social
and repetative restricted behavior. |
what areas does aspergers affect? | social
restrictive repetative behavior
no communication problem. |
what areas does PDD and NOS effect? | a little bit of everything but not eough to be aspergers or autism. |
what are the two primary challanges of social communication for people with autism spectrum disorders? | 1) joint attention
2) understanding symbols. |
what genes have been known to cause autism? | 2, 3, 7, 15, x. |
risk of reoccurance of autism in syblings?
in all autism spectrum disorders? | 3-5% for autism.
up to 10% for spectrum. |
how often in autistic spectrum people are the genetic reasons unknown? | 65-75 percent. |
how often do seizures in autistic people occur? | 33 percent. |
what is the main difference between dyslexia and SLI? | SLI includes both comprehension AND production, while dyslexia is mainly comprehenision. |
how low does comphrehension have to be in order for it be considered an LI? | less then 80 percent. |
5 causes of SLI | 1. bad auditory processing (cant tell between sounbds and words, slow)
2. bad phonological processing.
3. bad working memory, esp. phonological (verb batum) memory
4.bad linguistic processing ability
5.cognitive processing defecits. |
three subtypes of SLI | 1. apraxic (frontal love damage)
2. phonological (like tones, takes em longer)
3. grammatical (10-20 percent, especially pronominal refrence "you, me, she" thjings that are variable. |
3 brain differences in SLI | 1. smaller then normal right hemisphere
2. smaller left brocas area, or deforemed.
3. same sized language hemispheres, left wasnt bigger. |
what two neurological findings predict the severity of SLI? | 1. fine motor movement
2. abnormal motor reflexes. |
what did MRIs of SLI patints point out? | enlarged ventricles and hyperintensities (bright white spots in the white matter).
large butterfly gaps (caused by enlarged ventirciles) mean there is less white mattere, therefore less connections. |
MRI proved taht which part of the brain affected in SLI patients? | middle temporal gyrus (grammar)
brocas area (speech creation) |
what two chromosomes are likely to cause SLI? | 16 and 19. |
what gene is supposed to cause apraxia? | fox p2 on chromosome 7 |
how hereditiable are reading problerms? | 44-77 percent. |