Term | Definition |
Blood | fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, carrying nutriment and oxygen to the body. consists of plasma, RBC, WBC, and platelets |
Colloids | protein substance that increase the colloid oncotic pressure. |
Colloid oncotic pressure | another name for the oncotic pressure. It is a gas form of osmotic pressure exerted by protein in blood plasma that tends to pull water into circulatory system |
Crystalloids | Fluids given by intravenous injection that supply water and sodium to maintain the osmotic gradient between the extravascular and intravascular compartments |
Dehydration | excessive loss of water from the body tissue. Accompanied by an imbalance in the concentrations of essential electrolytes, particularly SODIUM, POTASSIUM, and CHOLRIDE. |
Edema | the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces |
Extracellular fluid ECF | the portion of the body fluid comprising the interstitial fluid and blood plasma |
Gradient | A difference in the concentration of a substance on two sides of a permeable barrier |
Hydrostatic pressure (HP) | the pressure exerted by a liquid |
Hyperkalemia | An abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, more often due to defective renal excretion but also caused by excessive dietary potassium or certain drugs such as POTASSIUM-SPARING diuretics or ACE inhibitors |
Hypernatremia | an abnormally high sodium concentration in the blood; may be due to defective renal excretion but is more commonly cause by excessive dietary sodium or replacement therapy |
Hypokalemia | a condition in which there is an inadequate amount of potassium, the major intracellular cation, in the bloodstream. |
Hyponatremia | A condition in which there is an inadequate amount of sodium, the major extracellular cation , in the bloodstream, caused by excessive water intake |
Interstitial Fluid (ISF) | The extracellular fluid that fills in the spaces between most of the cells of the body |
Intracellular Fluid (IVF) | the fluid inside blood vessels |
Isotonic | having the same concentration of a solute as another solution, such as an isotonic saline solution that contains an amount of salt equal to that found in the intracellular and extracellular fluid |
Osmotic pressure | the pressure produced by a solution necessary to prevent the osmotic passage of solvent into it when the solution and solvent are separated by a semipermeable membrane |
Plasma | the watery straw-colored fluid component of lymph and blood in which the leukocytes (WBC), erythrocytes (RBC), and platelets are suspended |
Serum | The clear, cell-free portion of the blood from which fibrinogen has also been separated during the clotting process as typically carried out with a laboratory sample. |
Hypertonic Dehydration | water loss is greater than sodium loss. ex. elevated temperature resulting in perspiration |
Hypotonic Dehydration | occurs when sodium loss is greater that water loss ex. renal insufficiency and inadequate aldosterone secretion |
Isotonic Dehydration | Caused by loss of both sodium and water from the body. ex. diarrhea and vomiting |
Bleeding | Tachycardia and hypotension |
Bowel obstruction | reduced perspiration and mucous secretions |
Diarrhea | Reduced urine output (oliguria) |
Fever | Dry Skin and mucous membranes |
Vomiting | reduced lacrimal (tears) and salivary secretions |
Fresh Frozen Plasma | Increase clotting factor levels in patients with a demonstrated deficiency |
Packed Red Blood Cells | Increase oxygen carrying capacity in patients with anemia, |
Whole blood | increases oxygen carrying capacity in patients with anemia, more beneficial in cases of extreme cases of loss of blood. |