Question | Answer |
Learning that has been persisted over time, stored, and can be retrieved later | Memory |
Focuses on conscious, active processing lasting 20-30 seconds max with a 7 +/- 2 capacity | Working/Short Term Memory |
Giving information meaning and moving it into the brain | Encoding |
Doing multiple activities at once | Parallel processing |
Memory for auditory stimuli | Echoic Memory |
Memory for photographs / visual stimuli | Iconic Memory |
Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information into the memory process | Sensory Memory |
Capacity and duration of sensory memory | Unlimited /
3 seconds maximum |
Process of bringing back info out of memory stages | Retrieval |
Retaining information | Storage |
Idea the memories emerge from interconnected neural networks and activation patterns | Connectionism |
Developed theory for how we memorize and the Stage Model of Memory | R. Atkinson and R. Shiffrin |
What are the stages of the information processing system | Encoding, storage, and retrieval |
Focuses on the amount of times something has happened
(Type of automatic processing) | Frequency |
Focuses on location
(Type of automatic processing) | Space |
Processing knowledge
(Type of automatic processing) | Well Learned Info |
Focuses on the sequence of events
(Type of automatic processing) | Time |
Permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
(Knowledge, Skills, and Experiences) | Long Term Memory |
Capacity and Duration of Long Term Memory | Unlimited / Limitless |
Developed Magic 7 +/- 2 rule for Working/ Short Term Memory | George Miller |
Developed ideas for Sensory Memory | George Sperling |
What things are necessary for moving sensory memory into working or short memory | Motivation and Attention |
Repeating or creating a mental map in order to memorize something (phonological loop) | Maintenance Rehearsal |
Developed the idea of the phonological loop | Alan Baddeley |
Parts of the brain responsible for explicit memories | Hippocampus and Temporal Lobes |
Part of the brain responsible for motor or procedural skills
(Breathing, blinking, walking) | Basil Ganglia |
Parts of the brain responsible for automatic processes | Cerebellum |
Memories of Life events | Episodic |
Part of the brain responsible for emotions and emotional conditioning | Amygdala |
Memories that require effort full processes
(Conscious) | Explicit |
Memories of automatic processes
(Unconscious) | Implicit |
Encoding of meaning | Semantic |
Tendency to recall the first and last items on a list | Serial Position Effect |
Developed the Forgetting Curve | Hermann Ebbinghaus |
Idea that testing improves learning | Testing Effect |
Developed the Testing Effect | Henry Roediger and Jeffrey Karpicke |
Recalling the first items on a list | Primacy Effect |
Recalling the last items on a list | Recency Effect |
Mental pictures that aid Memory process | Imagery |
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units
(Automatically) | Chunking |
Discovered that behavioral memory was stored in the cerebellum | Richard Thompson |
Developed the idea that memories can be localized and distributed depending on complexity | Karl Lashley |
Did study in Aplysia to study synaptic changes | Eric Kandel |
An increase in synapses firing potential after stimulation. Nueral basis for learning and memory. | Long Term Potentiation |
An unconscious association of things which predisposes a persons perception, memory, or response.
(Cow. Milk) | Priming |
Developed priming | William James |
Recalling experiences that are consistent with a mood felt during that experience | Mood Congruency |
Knowing something from one state to another
(Drunk to sober) | State dependent memory |
Inaccessibility of stored information | Blocking |
Storage decaying over time | Transience |
Inattention to detail | Absent minded |
Confusing information source | Misattribution |
Inability to form new memories after and accident | Anterograde |
Inability to remember events before an accident | Retrograde |
Inability to remember early childhood | Infantile |
Amnesia caused by sever alcohol abuse | Korsakoffs Psychosis |
Amnesia triggered by severe trauma | Hysterical |
Amnesia caused by severe non penetrative blow to the head
(May lead to loss of consciousness/coma) | Traumatic |
Mental activities associated with thinking,knowing,remembering, and communicating | Cognition |
Mental grouping of similar objects,events, ideas, or people | Concepts |
Mental image/example that incorporates all the features we associate a category | Prototype |
Our spoken,written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate | Language |
Smallest distinctive sound unit | Phoneme |
Smallest unit that carries meaning | Morphemes |
System of rules which enable us to understand others | Grammar |
Rules of sentence order | Syntax |
Effortless/immediate automatic feeling or thoughts
"Gut Feeling" | Intuition |
Step by step procedure to get a solution | Aligorithm |