Question | Answer |
What is the only way mutations be passed on to offspring? | If the mutation is found in the parent's sex cells. |
What is protein synthesis? | Ribosomes read the genetic codes and assemble (make) the proper proteins. |
In RNA strands, the base _________ replaces thymine. | Uracil. (remember G goes to C, A goes to U in RNA) |
How many codes make one amino acid? | 3 bases |
What is mutation? | a change in the hereditary material of an organism |
An example of a genetic disorder that happens because you have too many or too few chromosomes. | Downs Syndrome |
How many amino acids make all proteins in our cell? | 20 different amino acids |
What does Messenger RNA (mRNA) do for DNA? | mRNA decodes the DNA base sequence and carries the codons to the ribosome. |
What is messenger RNA (mRNA) responsible for during protein synthesis? | copying the gene and carrying the information out of the nucleus (nuclear membrane). |
what is the base pair rules when DNA --> mRNA? | C ---> G, T ---> A, A ----> U |
How is RNA different than DNA? | a single strand, no T but U in the base pair, in moves in and out of nucleus |
What are protein chains made of? | amino acids |
A mutation can cause _________________________. | a change (or mutation) in the base sequence and it might produce the wrong protein. |
Why is the order of the base pairs along a gene important? | it forms a code that tells a cell which protein to make. |
What are the 3 types of mutation? | substitution, insertion, and deletion |
What is substitution? | when one base replaces another. |
What are three types of substitutions? | missense (cause a different amino acid), silent (does not change amino acid or protein), nonsense (make the codon STOP in the wrong place) |
What is insertion? | an extra base is added. it causes frameshift. |
What is deletion? | a base is missing. it causes frameshift. |
What is frameshift? | Causes the mRNA bases to be read in the wrong group of 3. Caused by insertion and deletion. |
What does AUG in a mRNA sequence tell the ribosome? | START |
When does transcription happen? | When mRNA decodes a DNA strand |
When does Translation happen? | when tRNA retrieves (gets) amino acids. |