Question | Answer |
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes | cell walls of eukaryotes have cellulose or chitins but NOT peptidoglycon. In Prokaroyotes cell wall contains peptidiglycon. Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes while prokaryotes have single circular chromosomes |
Psychrophile | growth range -40 C to +20 C |
Mesophile | Growth range +20C to +40C |
Thermophile | Growth range +40C to +85C |
Halophile | Salt tolerant |
acidophile | acid tolerant |
aerobe | air(oxygen) requring |
Obligate anaerobe | air (oxygen) poisoned |
Autotrophs | utilize inorganic material |
Hetertrophs | require organic material |
Thermoduric | endure high temperature |
What benefit do bacteria have for being small? | size effect surface volume ratio |
what are the advantages of large Surface/Volume | 1. diffusion rate 2. metabolic rate 3. Reproductive rate |
What are shapes of bacteria | Coccus, bacillus, coccobacillus, vibrio, spirillum, spirochete, square, star |
Bacterial structure include | Flagellum, pili, capsule, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall, lipopolysacchrides, teichoic acids, inclusions, spores. |
What does flagella help with? | Motility - movement |
Describe Pili and it's function | short protein appendages, smaller than flagella, help bacteria adhere to the surface |
What is the F-pilus used for? | conjugation and exchange of genetic information- genetic recombination |
describe capsule or slime layer and its function | Produced by bacteria, adheres bacteria to the surface and prevents phagocytosis |
describe bacterial cell membrane | has a phospholipid bilayer, water can penetrate and it's flexible. not strong, it ruptures easy |
What's in the bacterial cell wall | peptidoglycan polymer .. the sugars are NAM and NAG .. the amino acids cross NAM and NAG .. the D form of amino acid is used not the L |
What's the difference between bacteria, plants, and fungi cell walls? | Bacteria have peptidoglycan .. Plants have cellulose .. Fungi has chitin |
What are the functions of the cell wall? | 1. Maintain cells charac. and shape
2. Counter the effect of osmotic pressure
3. attachment site of bacteriophages
4. Provide rigid platform for surface appendages
5. cell division
6. Site of major antigenic determinants
7. Resistance to antibiotics |
What are some antibiotics that effect the cell wall directly? | Beta-lactem antibiotics: Penicillins and cephalosporins .. and glycopeptides: vancomycin |
positive and negative gram staining difference | Gram positive = Thick layer of peptidoglycan .. crystal violet is retained .. Color purple ............ Gram Negative = Thin Layer of peptidoglycan .. crystal violet is washed away .. color is reddish pink |
Where would you find teichoic acids | in gram positive bacteria and they contains: 1. glycerol phosphate and ribitol phosphate |
of the gram stains, which one would include lipopolysacchride? | gram negative |
What is the function of Lipopolysacchride | Toxic: kills mice, pigs, humans .. pyrogen = cause fever |
Appearance in colonies for lipopolysacchrides (LPS) | Mucoid = smooth (lots of LPS) and dry=rough (little LPS) |
How is the DNA shaped in the cytoplasm of a bacteria | DNA in circular, haploid |
Advantages of 1N DNA over 2N DNA | more efficient; grows quicker .. mutation allows adaptation |
what is the cytoplasm compromised of? | largely of water, together with proteins, nucleic acid, lipids, and small amounts of sugar and water |
describe plasmids | small, circular, extrachromosomal, double stranded DNA. capable of self replication and have genes to help with antibiotic resistance |
does nucleoid have a membrane? | NO |
What are Prokaryotes specific characterstics | 1. peptidoglycon cell wall
2. Teichoic acid
3. Lipopolysacchrides (LPS)
4. Endospores
5. Circular DNA
6. Plasmids
7. 70S ribosomes |
What are some factors that effect growth and survival of bacteria? | Temperature 37C ................. pH is 7.4 - 7.6 ............ Water/solute --> important for gram negative .......... Oxygen --> aerobes vs obligate anaerobes |