Term | Definition |
Microbiology | the biology of organisms that cannot bee seen with the "naked" eye |
Microorganisms/microbes | "germs" or "bugs" |
Microbiology includes... | viruses, bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, helminths |
Antonio van Leeuwenhoek | "Father of Microscope"
began making and using simple microscopes
examined water and visualized tiny creatures
ANIMALCULES |
By the end of what century they were called microbes/microorganisms | 19th |
What Leeuwenhoek could have seen: | fungi, protozoa, algae, bacteria, archaea, small animals |
people from the past thought living things arose from 3 processes: | asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, or from nonliving matter |
Who proposed spontaneous generation? | Aristotle |
Spontaneous generation | living things can arise from nonliving matter (abiogenesis) |
Redi's experiments | -when decaying meat was kept isolated from files, maggots never developed
-meat exposed to files was soon infested
-as a result, scientists began to doubt Aristotle's theory |
Pasteur's expeiments | -when the "swan-necked" flasks remained upright, no microbial growth appeared
-when the flask was tilted, dust from the bend in the neck sweeped back into the flask and made the infusion cloudy with microbes within a day |
Koch's Postulates | -suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts
-agent must be isolated and grown outside of host
-when the agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
-same |
Semmelweis | handwashing |
Lister | antiseptic technique |
Snow | infection control and epidemiology |
epidemiology | study of spread of disease |
Jenner | vaccine; field of immuniology |
Ehrileh | "magic bullets"
field of chemotherapy |
immunology | study of fighting diseases |
biotechnology | biological systems for our purpose |
astrobiology | study of microbes in space |
Recombinant DNA technology | genes in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated for practical applications |
Gene therapy | inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in humans by inserting desired gene into host cells |
Bioremediation | uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments |
Roles of microorganisms in the environment | recycling of chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur |
Roles of microbes as energy source | biofuels |
Taxonomy | system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things |
Naming microorganisms | -Binomial (scientific) nomenclature
-gives each microbe 2 names
- genus=always capitalize
-species=lowercase
-both italicized or underlined |
3 domain | Bacteria
Archara
Eukarya |
Bacteria | prokaryotic cell structure
extreme environments
simple cells |
Archaea | prokaryotic cell structure
extreme environments
simple cells |
Eukarya | eukaryotic cell structure
complex
60 C |
Evolution | living things change gradually over millions of years
more in notes |
Phylogeny | natural relatedness between groups of organisms (example between coli and salmonella) |