Term | Definition |
Withdrawal Symptoms | anxiety
aggression
tremors
seizures
palpitations |
Controlled Substances; Schedule IV | Medical use; some abuse potential; Rx needed; Rx expires
Ex. phenobarbitual |
Pregnancy Category C | Adverse effects reported in animals; not available for humans |
Pregnancy Category B | Studies indicate no risk to animals; not available for humans. |
Pregnancy Category X | Fetal abnormalities reported. NOT to be used |
Pregnancy Category A | Studies indicate no risk to human fetus |
Pregnancy Category D | possible fetus risk in humans reported. However, in selected cases consideration of benefit vs risk may warrant use |
Controlled Substances; Schedule I | no medical use; high abuse potential
street drugs |
Controlled Substances; Schedule V | OTC; Minimal abuse |
Controlled Substances; Schedule III | Medical Use; lower potential for abuse; Rx needed; Rx expires
Ex. codeine with other meds |
Controlled Substances; Schedule II | Medical use, high abuse potential. Rx needed (no refills)
Ex. Codeine, morphine |
Antagonist Effect | 2 drugs given together work worse than when given separately |
Synergist Effect | 2 drugs given together work better than when given alone |
Additive Effect | 2 drugs given together work equivalently as when give alone
*2 drugs that work the same way are given together |
Generic Name | lower case; longer; more difficult to say
Ex. acetominophen |
Trade Name | Upper case; shorter; easier to say
Ex. Tylenol |
Drug Rights | 1. right patient
2. right time
3. right dose
4. right drug
5. right route
6. right documentation |
First-Pass Effect | oral and rectal only
reduces bioavailability to lesser than 100%
*must pass through the liver before entering the blood |
Histamine | chemical released from cells
results in:
bronchoconstriction
cough
edema
mucous
pain
pruritis
flushing |
Adjuncts to anesthetics | benzo and barbs
sedative-hypnotics
anticholenergics
opioids
antiememtics
neuromuscular blockers |
Dyslipidemia | High level of lipids |
Normal total cholesterol level | <200 mg/dl |
Normal LDL level | <100 mg/dl |
Normal HDL level | >60 mg/dl |
Normal Triglycerides level | <150 mg/dl |
Combination Diuretics= | K sparing + hydrochlorthiazide |
Heart Failure Symptoms | dyspnea
fatigue
edema; peripheral and pulmonary |
Heart Block | very, very slow HR: conduction not getting through |
Digoxin Toxicity | N/V/D
HA
confusion
bradycardia
PVC
Visual disturbances: green/yellow halo around bright objects |
CHF treatment | Traditional:
Dig.
Diuretics
New:
ACE
ARBs
Beta Blockers
Diuretics
Inotropes
Vasodilators |
How long does it take for a Parkinson's drug to show effects? | weeks to months |
Mydriasis | pupil dilation
anticholinergic S/E |
Miosis | pupil constriction |
What decreases absorption of Levodopa? | Vitamin B6, Protein, iron |
Parkinson's Disease | brain disorder
low dopamine, high AcH
Bradykinesia
postural inability
resting tremors
pin rolling
muscle rigidity |
Malignant Hyperthermia | Neuromuscular Blocker S/E
high fever
muscle rigidity
tachycardia |
Parasympathetic Responses | Mostly GI/GU
Lower HR
increase GI enzymes and secretions and motility
bronchoconstriction
constrict pupils
contract muscles
increase bleeding
decrease edema
relax vascular smooth muscle
*NO effect on BP, BS, mental activity or strength |
Cardioprotective | beta blocker action
protects heart from epinephrine and NE that are released after MI |
Infiltration | IV goes into tissues instead of vein
leads to necrosis |
Sympathetic Responses | ↑BP and CO
↑Blood Flow
↑Metabolism
↑Glycogen breakdown
↑BS
↑Mental ability
↑strength
↑coagulation
↑RR
↑Sweating
pupil dialation |
Cholinergic Crisis | decrease BP/HR; circulatory collapse
Cholinergic meds may cause |
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) | Cholinergic
feed or breed
rest and digest
ACh |
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) | Adernergic
Fight or Flight
NE |
Hypertension Symptoms | HA
N/V
Visual disturbances
Disorientation
Altered LOC (decreased)
Flushed
**silent killer--most people have no symptoms |
First Dose Phenomenon | BP plummets
alpha blockers
give at night to prevent |
How long does it take for antidepressants to work? | two-four weeks |
Parkinsonism | Prolonged antipsychotic drug use
Parkinson effects
flat affect
slow moving
pin rolling
hunched over |
Hypertensive Crisis | stroke
due to MAOIs reacting with other meds |
Dystonia | odd mvmt of head and neck
S/E of antipsychotics |
Akathisia | Inability to sit still; motor restlessness
Adverse effect of antipsychotics |
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome | Rare, life threatening
Fever
rigid muscles
aggravation
antipsychotic drugs S/E |
Tardive Dyskinesia | involuntary contractions of oral and facial muscles; muscle tension |
Serotonin Syndrome | Fatal
high BP
fever
tachycardia
seizures
adverse effects of SSRI |
Hypothyroidism | Low HR/BP
Lethargic
cold intolerance
low appetite
wt gain
constipation
dry skin
**everything slow (low T3 and T4; high TSH) |
Hyperthyroidism Treatment | surgery
radioactive iodine
PTU
Tapazole
Potassium Iodine
*drugs take serveral weeks to months to work |
Hypothyroidism Treatment | levothryoxine |
Pancreas | synthesize and secrete insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
controls BS and glucose metabolism |
Posterior Pituitary Releases...? | OT
ADH |
Hypothalamus Function | stimulates and inhibits pituitary homrones |
ADH | Retains fluids
constricts BV
Raises BP |
Hyperthyroidism | Thyroid Storm/ Graves Disease
increased HR and BP
Heat intolerance
restless
increases appetite
wt loss
diarrhea
moist, flushed skin
**everything moves fast (high T3 and T4; low TSH) |
T3 & T4 | Thyroid hormones
growth, development, metabolism
need iodine to produce |