| Term | Definition |
| ATB? | Antibiotics: chemical substances that kill or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. |
| Selective Toxicity? | selective to injure only the target cell or target organism without injuring others. |
| How is selective toxicity achieved?(3) | 1.can break through the cell wall of bacteria.
2.can inhibit a enzyme that bacteria needs for survival.(like taking away source of food).
3.Stop the production of more bacteria. |
| Narrow-Spectrum? | active against a few organisms. |
| Broad Spectrum? | Active against a wide variety organisms. |
| Bacteriostatic? | Inhibits bacteria growth by weakening them |
| Bactericidal? | kills bacteria. its a good drug for immunodeficiency |
| Mechanisms of drug resistance?(4) | 1.Microbes can inactivate the drug.
2.can stop uptake of certain drugs.
3.may synthesize compounds to block the dug.
4.Microbial drug receptors may undergo change that can decrease ATB binding action. |
| Nosocomial Infections | infections gained in the hospital. they are the most difficult to treat. |
| Suprainfection? | new infection that occurs during the course of treatment for a primary one. |
| How to delay Emergence of Resistance?(2) | 1.take ATB only when needed.
2.use narrow-spectrum drugs. |
| How to choose the right ATB to produce maximal effect?(3) | 1.Match the drug to the bug by obtaining Cultural.
2.Find what the organism is sensitive to by obtaining a Sensitivity test.
3.Must be able to penetrate the site. |
| Conditions for ATB ruling out?(3) | 1.allergy.
2.inability to penetrate.
3.host is toxic to the drug. |
| combining ATB? Indications?(5) | For specific situations only.
Indicat: initial therapy cause severe infection, pt have mixed infections, trying to prevent resistance, decrease toxicity and enhance ATB action. |
| Combining ATB disadvantages?(3) | increase risk for allergy, risk for suprainfection, and increased cost. |
| Prophylactic ATB? Indications? | given to prevent an infection rather than to treat a infection.
Inidcat: surgery, bacterial endocarditis(inflammation in the lining of the heart), Neutropenia, recurrent UTI, rheumatic carditis(inflammation of muscles around the heart), and STDs. |
| Penicillin? Action?(1) Use?(1) Adverse Effects?(1) Cross-Sensitivity to?(1) Resistance?(1) | PCN:safest.
Act: Bactericidal.
Use: broad spectrum
ADR: allergic reaction.
Cross sensitivity to cephalosporin.
Contra:allergy to PCN or cephalosporin.
Resis: Gram Negative |
| Cephalosporins? Action?(1) Classification?(1) Adverse Effects?(1) Contraindications?(2) Drug-Drug Interactions?(1) Education?(2) | Cep:Most widely used.
Act: Bactericidal.
Class: 4 Generations, allergy to one gen, take none or PCN.
ADR:suprainfection of C-Difficile.
Contra:Allergy to Cep or PCN.
Drug:Alcohol.
Edu:can take with food, and lidocaine for injections. |
| Tetracyclines? Uses?(5) Action?(1) Adverse Effects?(2) Drug-Drug Interaction?(4) Contraindications?(3) Education?(1) | Tet: tx uncommon infections.
Use: Rocky Mt., Lyme, mycoplasma, acne, and malaria.
Act:bacteriostatic.
ADR: Yellow/Brown teeth, Photosensitivity.
Drug: MG, CA, AL, FE.
Contra: Renal failure, <8yo, liver damage.
Edu:empty stomach/food prolongs absorp. |
| Aminoglycosides? Action?(1) Use?(2) Adverse Effects?(2) Contraindications?(1) | Amino:Parenteral Only.
Act:Bactericidal.
Use:Systemic Infections, TB(combo).
ADR: Ototoxicity(ear poisioning), Nephrotoxicity.
Contra:Renal |
| Fluoroquinolones? Use?(3) Action?(1) Adverse Reactions?(3) Contraindications?(1) Drug-Drug Interactions?(2) Drug-Food Interactions?(1) Education?(1) | Flu:New,Po.
Use:TB, AIDS, Cancer.
Act:Bactericidal.
ADR:seizures, tendon rupture, anaphylaxis.
Contra:<18yo.
Drug:antacids and Macrolides.
Food:Milk/dairy products reduce absorption.
Edu:report inflammation or pain in tendon. |
| Macrolides? Action?(1) Use?(1) Drug-Drug Interactions?(1) Education?(1) | Macro:good substitution drug.
Action: Bacteriostatic.
Use:substitute for PCN allergy.
Drug-Drug:taking with fluroquinolones.
Edu:take on empty stomach. |
| Aztreonam? Action?(1) Adverse Effects?(1) | Azactam.
Act:preserve normal gram positive organisms.
ADR:seizures. |
| Clindamycin? Action?(1) Use?(1) Suprainfection?(1) | Cleocin: limited and can cause C-Difficile.
Act:Bacteriostatic.
Use:Alternative to PCN.
Supra:Candida common. |
| Chloramphenicol? Action?(4) Adverse Effects?(1) Education?(1) | Chlor:Deadly.
Act:penetrates ocular fluid, CSF, crosses placenta and enters breast milk.
ADR:Gray baby syndrome.
Edu: LAST DRUG OF CHOICE. |
| Carbapenems? Three Types?(3) | Car(3 passengers in a car.)
1.Imipenem/Cilastatin(Primaxin): used for organisms that are resistant to one another.
2.Meropenem(Merrem): used for Bacterial Meningitis.
3.Eratpenem(Invaz): just new. |
| Vancomycin? Action?(2) Use?(3) Adverse Effects?(3) Contraindicated?(3) Administration?(1) Monitor?(2) | Van:serious infections.
Act:both bactericidal/static.
Use:C-diff(PO only), MRSA, and MRSE.
ADR: oto/nephrotoxicity, and thrombophlebitis.
Contra:child <8yo, pregnant and lactation.
Admin:slowly, can cause Red-Man Syndrome.
Mon: IV site, Peak/Trough. |
| Teicoplanin? Use?(1) Action?(1) Adverse Effects?(1) | Targocid: newer drug similar to vancomycin.
Use: organisms resistant to vancomycin.
Act:Bactericidal.
ADR: none. |
| Dalfoprostin/Quinupristin? Class?(1) Use?(1) Adverse Effects?(1) | Synercid.
Class: Streptogramins.
Use: Vacomycin resistant organims.
ADR: Hepatoxicity. |
| Linezolid? Class?(1) Use?(1) SE?(4) | Zyvox.
Class: Oxazolidinones.
Use:VRE.
SE: n/d/ha/anemia |
| Metronidazole? Use?(6) | Flagyl: Anaerobic Bacteria.
Use:C-diff, CNS, bones/joints, skin/tissues, prophylaxis in surgeries and H.Pyloric. |
