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Pharmacology Unit7&8
Pharm Notes(Antibiotics)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ATB? | Antibiotics: chemical substances that kill or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. |
| Selective Toxicity? | selective to injure only the target cell or target organism without injuring others. |
| How is selective toxicity achieved?(3) | 1.can break through the cell wall of bacteria. 2.can inhibit a enzyme that bacteria needs for survival.(like taking away source of food). 3.Stop the production of more bacteria. |
| Narrow-Spectrum? | active against a few organisms. |
| Broad Spectrum? | Active against a wide variety organisms. |
| Bacteriostatic? | Inhibits bacteria growth by weakening them |
| Bactericidal? | kills bacteria. its a good drug for immunodeficiency |
| Mechanisms of drug resistance?(4) | 1.Microbes can inactivate the drug. 2.can stop uptake of certain drugs. 3.may synthesize compounds to block the dug. 4.Microbial drug receptors may undergo change that can decrease ATB binding action. |
| Nosocomial Infections | infections gained in the hospital. they are the most difficult to treat. |
| Suprainfection? | new infection that occurs during the course of treatment for a primary one. |
| How to delay Emergence of Resistance?(2) | 1.take ATB only when needed. 2.use narrow-spectrum drugs. |
| How to choose the right ATB to produce maximal effect?(3) | 1.Match the drug to the bug by obtaining Cultural. 2.Find what the organism is sensitive to by obtaining a Sensitivity test. 3.Must be able to penetrate the site. |
| Conditions for ATB ruling out?(3) | 1.allergy. 2.inability to penetrate. 3.host is toxic to the drug. |
| combining ATB? Indications?(5) | For specific situations only. Indicat: initial therapy cause severe infection, pt have mixed infections, trying to prevent resistance, decrease toxicity and enhance ATB action. |
| Combining ATB disadvantages?(3) | increase risk for allergy, risk for suprainfection, and increased cost. |
| Prophylactic ATB? Indications? | given to prevent an infection rather than to treat a infection. Inidcat: surgery, bacterial endocarditis(inflammation in the lining of the heart), Neutropenia, recurrent UTI, rheumatic carditis(inflammation of muscles around the heart), and STDs. |
| Penicillin? Action?(1) Use?(1) Adverse Effects?(1) Cross-Sensitivity to?(1) Resistance?(1) | PCN:safest. Act: Bactericidal. Use: broad spectrum ADR: allergic reaction. Cross sensitivity to cephalosporin. Contra:allergy to PCN or cephalosporin. Resis: Gram Negative |
| Cephalosporins? Action?(1) Classification?(1) Adverse Effects?(1) Contraindications?(2) Drug-Drug Interactions?(1) Education?(2) | Cep:Most widely used. Act: Bactericidal. Class: 4 Generations, allergy to one gen, take none or PCN. ADR:suprainfection of C-Difficile. Contra:Allergy to Cep or PCN. Drug:Alcohol. Edu:can take with food, and lidocaine for injections. |
| Tetracyclines? Uses?(5) Action?(1) Adverse Effects?(2) Drug-Drug Interaction?(4) Contraindications?(3) Education?(1) | Tet: tx uncommon infections. Use: Rocky Mt., Lyme, mycoplasma, acne, and malaria. Act:bacteriostatic. ADR: Yellow/Brown teeth, Photosensitivity. Drug: MG, CA, AL, FE. Contra: Renal failure, <8yo, liver damage. Edu:empty stomach/food prolongs absorp. |
| Aminoglycosides? Action?(1) Use?(2) Adverse Effects?(2) Contraindications?(1) | Amino:Parenteral Only. Act:Bactericidal. Use:Systemic Infections, TB(combo). ADR: Ototoxicity(ear poisioning), Nephrotoxicity. Contra:Renal |
| Fluoroquinolones? Use?(3) Action?(1) Adverse Reactions?(3) Contraindications?(1) Drug-Drug Interactions?(2) Drug-Food Interactions?(1) Education?(1) | Flu:New,Po. Use:TB, AIDS, Cancer. Act:Bactericidal. ADR:seizures, tendon rupture, anaphylaxis. Contra:<18yo. Drug:antacids and Macrolides. Food:Milk/dairy products reduce absorption. Edu:report inflammation or pain in tendon. |
| Macrolides? Action?(1) Use?(1) Drug-Drug Interactions?(1) Education?(1) | Macro:good substitution drug. Action: Bacteriostatic. Use:substitute for PCN allergy. Drug-Drug:taking with fluroquinolones. Edu:take on empty stomach. |
| Aztreonam? Action?(1) Adverse Effects?(1) | Azactam. Act:preserve normal gram positive organisms. ADR:seizures. |
| Clindamycin? Action?(1) Use?(1) Suprainfection?(1) | Cleocin: limited and can cause C-Difficile. Act:Bacteriostatic. Use:Alternative to PCN. Supra:Candida common. |
| Chloramphenicol? Action?(4) Adverse Effects?(1) Education?(1) | Chlor:Deadly. Act:penetrates ocular fluid, CSF, crosses placenta and enters breast milk. ADR:Gray baby syndrome. Edu: LAST DRUG OF CHOICE. |
| Carbapenems? Three Types?(3) | Car(3 passengers in a car.) 1.Imipenem/Cilastatin(Primaxin): used for organisms that are resistant to one another. 2.Meropenem(Merrem): used for Bacterial Meningitis. 3.Eratpenem(Invaz): just new. |
| Vancomycin? Action?(2) Use?(3) Adverse Effects?(3) Contraindicated?(3) Administration?(1) Monitor?(2) | Van:serious infections. Act:both bactericidal/static. Use:C-diff(PO only), MRSA, and MRSE. ADR: oto/nephrotoxicity, and thrombophlebitis. Contra:child <8yo, pregnant and lactation. Admin:slowly, can cause Red-Man Syndrome. Mon: IV site, Peak/Trough. |
| Teicoplanin? Use?(1) Action?(1) Adverse Effects?(1) | Targocid: newer drug similar to vancomycin. Use: organisms resistant to vancomycin. Act:Bactericidal. ADR: none. |
| Dalfoprostin/Quinupristin? Class?(1) Use?(1) Adverse Effects?(1) | Synercid. Class: Streptogramins. Use: Vacomycin resistant organims. ADR: Hepatoxicity. |
| Linezolid? Class?(1) Use?(1) SE?(4) | Zyvox. Class: Oxazolidinones. Use:VRE. SE: n/d/ha/anemia |
| Metronidazole? Use?(6) | Flagyl: Anaerobic Bacteria. Use:C-diff, CNS, bones/joints, skin/tissues, prophylaxis in surgeries and H.Pyloric. |
Created by:
aneshia
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