Question | Answer |
Functions of Osseous and Bone Structure (5) | 1. support (body)
2. protection (body)
3. storage: minerals and lipids (yellow bone marrow)
4. blood cell production: produced in red bone marrow
5. leverage: movement |
Bone classifications: shapes (6) | 1. long bone: arms, legs
2. flat bone: sternum, ribs
3. sutural bone: skull
4. irregular bone: vertebrae, pelvis
5. shot bone: carpals, tarsals
6. sesamoid bone: patella |
Spongy bone | (open network of bone) |
medullary cavity | marrow cavity |
epiphysis | ends |
metaphysis | where epiphysis meets diaphysis |
Diaphysis | shaft, main portion |
4 bones cells | 1. osteoprogenitor: maintain populations of osteoblast
2. osteoblast: cells that form bone
3. osteocytes: mature bone cells
4. osteoclast: helps in the maintenance of bone |
Haversian canal system (10 terms) | 1. vein
2. artery
3. capillaries
4. venule
5. central canal
6. perforating canal
7. asteons
8. endosteum
9. periosteum
10. lamella |
Endochondral Bone Formation | -cartilage: bone formation into hard bone
-most of the body is composed of this type of bone formation |
Intramembranous bone formation | membrane changing into bone: skull and mandible |
Effects of exercise on Bone | -bones are adaptable
-if muscles become more powerful then bumps and ridges become inlarges to withstand forces
-regular exercise is therefore and important stimulus for maintaining normal bone structure
-degenerative changes in teh skeleton occur afte |
Bones of body divisions | axial skeleton: 80 bones
appendicular: 126
total: 206 |
Skull bones | cranial bones: 8,
facial bones: 14 |
Associated with skull bones | auditory: 6,
hyoid: 1 |
vertebral column | vertebrae: 26 |
thoracic cage | sternum: 1,
ribs: 24 |
Skull: 22 bones | -cranial: 8 bones: (215, 216, 217)
-frontal:1 (green)
-occipital:1 foramen magnum (burnt orange in back)
-parietal: 2 (Yellow)
-temporal: 2 external auditory meatus mastoid process pg 220 (purple)
-sphenoid: 1 pg 221(darker yellow behind frontal bone |
Facial bones: 14 | -maxillae: 2: fused upper jaw; largest facial bones
faulty formation results in a cleft palate pg 123 in ATLAS 10-12 week
(red in front)
-zygomatic: 2: cheek bone
temporal process of zygomatic bone pg 224
(blue)
-nasal: 2: bridge of the |
deeper bones of face | -Palatine:2: posterior portion of the palate pg 223 (blue inside nose)
-inferior nasal conchae: 2 pg 224. Helps promote turbulent circulation, helping to war the air that is inhaled
-lacrimal: 2: smallest facial bone forms medial wall of the eye s |
Associated with skull: 7 bones | Auditory: 6, pg 586
malleus(hammer) 2
Incus (anvil) 2
Stapes (stirrup) 2
-Hyoid: 1 pg 225 (right underneath mandible)
attachment for muscles which move the tongue and aid in speaking and swallowing |
Cranial Sutures (3) | -Coronal: b/w frontal and parietal
-Lambdoidal: b/w parietal and occipital
-Sagittal: b/w the parietal and Parietal
-Squamosal: b/w the temporal and parietal
* these are immoveable joints* |
Fontanels (4) | -anterior(1): composed of fibrous connective tissue and covers a major blood vessel. Thus it will pulse like the heart - closes around 2 years
-Occipital(1): closes within 1-2 months
-Sphenoidal(2); closes within 1-2 months
-Mastoid(2) closes wit |
vertebral column: 26 bones | Type of vertebra:
#in adult:#in children
Cervical: 7: 7
Thoracic: 12: 12
Lumbar: 5: 5
Sacrum: 1: 5
Coccyx: 1: 3-5
TOTAL: 26: 32-34 |
irregular curves (3) | kyohosis, lordosis, scoliosis |
scoliosis | abnormal lateral curve (pg. 232) |
Vertebral Anatomy | -cervical vertebra: attaches to skull, smallest vertebra
-thoracic vertebra: articulate with tthe ribs at the costal facets (pg. 237) 1-10 only connect in two places, superior and transverse costal faucets
-Lumbar: largest (for attachment of large |
THORACIC CAGE | 25 bones |
Ribs: 12 pairs | -true ribs: pairs 1-7 attached directly to sternum by costal cartilage: the vertibrosternal ribs usually increase in length and radius or curvature as you go from superior to inferior
- vertebrochondral: 8-10 attach indirectly to sternum by 7th
- false |
intercostal space | area b/w ribs occipied by
1. muscles
2. blood vessels
3. nerves |
Sternum: flat narrow bone about 6 inches long | -manubrium: most superior, articulats with 1 &2 ribs and the clavicle
-body: middle part of strnum that articulates with ribs 3-10
-xiphoid process: most inferior, does not articulate with any rib. will finnish ossifying around age 25 |
Surface markings (18) | process, ramus, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine, head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet, fossa, sulcus, foramen, fissure, sinus or antrum |
process | projection or bump |
ramus | an extension of a bone making an angle with the rest o the structure |
trochanter | large, rough projection |
tuberosity | smaller, rough projection |
tubercle | small, rounded projection |
crest | prominent ridge |
line | low ridge |
spine | pointed or narrow process |
head | expanded articular end of an epiphysis separated from he shaft by a neck |
neck | narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis |
condyle | smooth, rounded articular process |
trochlea | smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley |
facet | small, flat articular surface |
fossa | shallow depression |
suclus | narrow groove |
foramen | rounded passageway through the substance of a bone |
fissure | elongated cleft |
sinus or antrum | chamber with a bone, normally filled with air |