Term | Definition |
General anesthetics | are given as inhaled or intravenous agents |
General anesthetics | they cause Loss of Conciousness |
Local Anesthetics | are injected to block Nerve conduction |
Local anesthetics | they cause Loss of Sensation |
4 stages of general anesthesia | Analgesia, Excitement, Surgical Anesthesia, Medullary Paralysis |
Anesthesia Induction | Depends on how fast anesthesia reaches CNS |
Anesthesia Recovery | Depends on how slow Anesthesia is Removed from CNS |
Inhaled agents are | Halothane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Nitrous Oxide. (HE SIN ) |
Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) | the higher the MAC, the higher the concentration needed for Anesthesia. High MAC, Low Potency |
Halothane | It has Pleasant odor, it decreases heart rate and cardiac output. its used in pediatrics. when toxic can cause halothane hepatitis and its seen with malignant hyperthermia |
Malignant Hyperthermia | Fatal reaction to any inhaled Anesthetics which lead to hyperthermia. Dantrolene is its Treatment |
Enflurane | Enflurane isn't used in patients with kidney failure, there's Seizure disorder, there's increased Inter-cranial Hypertension |
Isoflurane | there's Decreased Inter-cranial Pressure, it maintains CO and Coronary function |
Nitrous Oxide | Odorless, No muscle relaxation, Incomplete Anesthesia, Must be combined with something else. |
Intravenous Agents | Non opioid that controls Mild - Moderate Pain. Opioid that controls Senses to pain |
Intravenous Agents | Thiopentone, Ketamine, Fentanyl, Propofol, Etomidate |
Thiopentone (Non opioid) | Used for the brain, Decrease brain blood flow, used in short surgical procedures, causes laryngospasm |
Ketamine (Non opioid) | Dissociative Anesthesia, Cardiovascular stimulant, Increases Brain blood flow, Used during war for treatment, used in emergency surgeries. |
Fentanyl (opioid) | Used in Cardiac surgery, can causes respiratory problems. can causes muscle problems. |
Propofol (Non opioid) | used for short surgery, Micheal jackson used it, its immediately used by liver and excreted through Urine |
Etomidate (Non opioid) | causes after operation Nausea and vomiting, Lower plasma levels, Lowers cortisol Levels |
Local Anesthetics | they are known for their Ester Bond or Amide Bond . they also block Na+ channels. |
Ester Bond Anesthetics | Cocaine, Benzocaine, Procaine, Tetracaine |
Amide Bond anesthetics | Lidocaine, Mepivacaine, Bupivacaine, Prilocaine |
Antipsychotic Drugs block | Cholinergic Receptors, Adrenergic Receptors, Muscarinic Receptors, Histamine Receptors, Dopamine Receptors |
Schizophrenia | Brain disorder that runs in families . it shows in Late teen years and Early adult years |
Schizophrenia Positive signs are | Delusion, Hallucination, Loose association, Fragmented thoughts |
Schizophrenia Negative signs are | Introversion, low self esteem |
Schizophrenia cognitive (applying knowledge) signs are | Poor memory, attention deficit disorder |
Schizophrenia affective (mood,feelings) signs are | Depression, Elation, Suicidal thoughts |
Metabolism / Administration of Antipsychotics occur by | Cytochrome p450 in the Liver |
Traditional Antipsychotics classes are | Phenothiazines, Butyrophenones, Dibenzoxazepines, Thioxanthines, Benzisoxazoles.
they work on positive symptoms of schizophrenia, their side effect are Extrapyramidal, Anticholinergic and Phenothiazines can cause Failure to Ejaculate |
Phenothiazines | ChlorPromazine, Fluphenazine, Thioridazine, Perphenazine |
Chlorpromazine | for Hiccups |
Thioridazine | Pigmentary Retinopathy, Cardiac Arrhythmias |