Term | Definition |
alkanes | fully saturated hydrocarbons, single bonds |
primary carbon | carbon bonded to one other carbon |
secondary carbon | carbon bonded to two carbons |
As molecular weight increases... | density, mp, bp increase |
branched alkanes | lower bp and mp, lower attractive forces, lower density |
free radical halogenation | when H atoms are replaced by halogen atoms (I Br or Cl) |
Initiation | halogens are cleaved by heat or light to form free radicals |
Propagation | when a radical produces another radical that can continue the rxn |
Termination | two free radicals combine to form stable molecule |
Combustion | alkane + O2 = CO2, heat and water |
Pyrolysis | when molecules are broken down by heat to form more desirable alkanes |
Nucleophile | electron rich and attracted to positive atoms; strong bases |
Protic Solvents | solvents capable of H bonding; larger atoms are better nucleophiles |
Aprotic solvents | more basic atoms are better nucleophiles |
Leaving Groups | weak bases make great ___ ___ |
Sn1 Rxns | two steps; dissociation of a molecule into carbocation and LG, then carbocation plus nucleophile; polar protic solvents; tertiary carbon most stable; racemic products; favored when bulky nucleophiles |
Rate of Sn1 Rxns | first order rxn cuz rate depends on one species (reactant) |
rate-determining step of Sn1 | forming the carbocation takes longer cuz it is unfavorable and slowest step is rate-limiting step |
Sn2 rxns | when nucleophile actively displaces the leaving group, 1 step, transition state, polar protic solvent, optically active/inverted products; primary carbons most stable |
Rate of Sn2 rxn | second order rxn cuz involves substrate and nucleophile |