Question | Answer |
an area in the brain that is responsible for initiating the physiological events that lead to nausea and vomiting | vomiting center |
area in the brain that sends neurotransmitter signal to the vomiting center | chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) |
what are the neurotransmitters involved in nausea and vomiting? | acetylcholine (ACh), Dopamine (D2), Histamine (H1), Prostaglandins, Serotonin (5-HT3) |
How do most anti emetics work? | by blocking the pathways thus blocking the stimulus that induces vomiting |
what is the general use for each type of anti emetics? | prevention and reduction of nausea and vomiting |
what is the primary goal of antiemetic therapy? | to minimize or prevent fluid and electrolyte disturbances and minimize deteriorating of the patient's nutritional status |
which medication is often used in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting? | Lorazepam |
what class of antiemetic drug is Scopolamine? | Anticholinergic |
which medication is one of the most commonly used to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness? | Scopolamine |
what is the primary anticholinergic drug used as an antiemetic? | Scopolamine |
Your patient is scheduled for a minor surgery today, under her history you notice that she has glaucoma. Which medication would be contraindicated because of her glaucoma? | Scopolamine |
what are some of the most popular antihistamines? | Antivert, Dramanine and Benadryl |
what are some of the most safe anti emetics? | Antihistamines |
what is the name of the antihistamine that should never be given by intravenous route? | Hydroxyzine (Vistaril) |
Antivert is commonly used to treat what? | dizziness, vertigo, nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness |
How do antihistamines work? | they prevent cholinergic stimulation in vestibular and reticular areas |
what class of antiemetic medication can also be used for nonproductive cough, allergy symptoms and sedation | Antihistamines |
Shock and lactation are contraindications of what medication? | Meclizine (Antivert) |
How do Antidopaminergic drugs work? | block dopamine receptors in the CTZ |
what are the most commonly used antidopaminergic drugs? | Prochlorperazine (Compazine) and Promethazine (Phenergan) |
you have a patient who is experiencing trachycardia. which class of antiemetic medication would be contraindicated for this patient? | Antidopaminergics |
Prochlorperazine (Compazine) is contraindicated for | patients with hypersensitivity to phenothiazines, patients in coma, patients who have seizures, encephalopathy, bone marrow suppression |
Why must you be careful to not give Promethazine (Phenergan) as an intraarterial injection? | it can cause severe tissue damage often requiring amputation |
what antiemetic medication is contraindicated on children younger than 2 years? | Promethazine (Phenergan) |
What is the most common adverse effect of Promethazine (Phenergan) | sedation |
Promethazine (Phernergan) should never be given in which route? | subcutaneous |
What is the mechanism of Prokinetis? | promote movement of substances through the GI tract and increase GI motility |
What does Metoclopramine (Reglan) treat? | delayed gastric emptying and gastroesophageal reflux and also antiemetic |
what is the name of the prokinetic that is contraindicated for patients with seizure disorders, pheochromocytoma, breast cancer or GI obstruction? | Metroclopramide (Reglan) |
what is the actions of serotonin blockers? | block serotonin receptors and the GI tract, CTZ and VC |
Which class of antiemetic drug used to prevent postoperative nausea can be given to a patient 30 minutes before the end of a surgical procedure? | serotonin blockers |
If your patient is receiving chemotherapy which type of antiemetic drug can you expect to give the patient? | serotonin blockers |
when giving a patient serotonin blockers for cancer treatment, when is it expected that the medication will be given to the patient? | in the first 24-48 hours of chemotherapy |
what serotonin blockers is commonly used in the hospital setting for nausea? | Ondansetron (Zofran) |
which antiemetic classification, blocks nausea at different sites? | serotonin blockers |
which medication is used for the treatment of hyperemesis graviddarum (vomiting associated with pregnancy? | Ondansetron (Zofran) |
which medication is used to stimulate appetite and weight gain in patients with AIDS? | Dronabinol (Marinol) |
which class of antiemetics is derived from THC? | Tetrahydrocannabinoid |
which medication is used as a second line drug treatment when other anti emetics have failed? | Dronabinol (Marinol) |
your patient is 6 weeks pregnant and complains of morning sickness, which medication would you anticipate her doctor to prescribe? | Phosphorated carbohydrate solution (Emetrol) |
which medication works by direct local action on the walls of the GI tract? | Phosphorated carbohydrate solution (Emetrol) |
which medication is used only for the treatment of "mild" nausea? | Phosphorated carbohydrate solution (Emetrol) |
which herbal product is used for the treatment of nausea? | Ginger |
your patient has been ordered warfarin by the doctor. you notice on the patient's history that she takes ginger for nausea sometimes. what do you tell the patient? | taking ginger while on warfarin can increase her risk for increased bleeding |
frequently monitor BP on patients taking this med, especially if they are elderly | meclizine (Antivert) |