Question | Answer |
nucleoTIDES | viral DNA building blocks |
nucleoSIDES | split off of the TIDES & at a sugar |
what antiviral drug can be given during pregnancy? | Zidovudine (Retrovir, AZT) |
Which class of antivirals are the most potent? | Protease Inhibitors |
Which antiviral is always given with another antiviral? | NNRTI's |
A pregnancy category X drug | ribavirin (Virazole) |
What does a pegylated formulation do? | extends the length of the action |
which interferon works with Hep A? | interferon alfa-2a (Roferon-A) |
which interferon works with Hep C? | interferon alfa-2b (Intron-A) |
Which type of vaccines need boosters? | Toxoids |
What immunization drug can be given to a immunocompromised patient? | immune globulin preperations (passive) |
Amphotericin B should be held for what BUN & Creatinine? | BUN greater than 40
Creatinine greater than 3 |
What precautions must be taken on administering Amphotericin B? | wear double gloves & infuse over 4-6 hrs. Its a suspension so shake every 30 mins |
What drug increases blood sugar in diabetics? | fluconazol (Diflucan) |
In what time frame should chloroquine (Aralen) reduce fever related to malaria? | 48 hrs. or less |
What is the significance of G6PD deficiency? | bone marrow depression & anemia. Can impair metabolism of RBC |
G6PD is tested in what drug? | chloroquine (Aralen)- for antimalaria |
Which medications is known for its metallic taste? | metronidazole (Flagyl) |
What drug is contraindicated in the 1st trimester? | metronidazole (Flagyl) |
Culture identifies | organism or pathogen |
Sensitivity identifies | drug sensitivity |
Empiric Therapy is what? | treatment with a drug broad spectrum & most likely to affect the probable causative organism until actual organism is known |
When do you get a peak level? | 30-60 mins after administering drug |
When do you get a trough level? | 30 mins before the next dose |
What are the S&S of psedomembranous colitis? | abd cramping, severe watery bloody diarrhea, fever, thirst, weight loss, weakness |
What is a superinfection? | too many normal host flora are killed by the antibiotic allowing the pathogenic organisms to multiply and take advantage of the immune system...s/e= Diarrhea, mouth sores, vaginal discharge, dysuria |
What are the S&S of superinfection? | diarrhea, sores in the mouth, bladder pain, vaginal discharge, painful urination |
1st thing to do during a anaphylaxis reaction? | stop the drug & never take it again |
Treatments for anaphylaxsis include | antihistamine, vasopressor, bronchodilator, epinephrine |
What ways can help replace bowel flora & help prevent pseudomembranous colitis? | take probiotic supplements or cultured dairy products that contain lactobacillus that is live |
Which penicillin contains sodium? | penicillin G (Wycillin, Biciliin)...be careful in pts. with heart disease or edema |
Which generations of cephalosporins can enter the CSF & are beta lactamase resistant? | 3rd & 4th generation |
Which classification decreases PT levels therefore increasing bleeding tendencies? | cephalosporins |
What is antabuse? | prevents recovering alcoholics from drinking. they get really sick & can die if they drink alcohol. |
What is disulfiram? | Antabuse reaction |
Which drug is pregnancy catagory D? | tetracycline |
Which drugs are contraindicated under age of 8? | tetracycline & ethambutol (Myambutol) |
Which drug becomes toxic if outdated? | tetracycline |
Which drug if taken with calcium, milk or iron leads to a 50% decrease in absorption? | tetracycline |
What drug has the side effect of diabetes insipidous? | doxycycline (Vibramycin) & demeclocycline (Declomycin) |
What drug should you not crush? | macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, dirithromycin) |
Which drug can decrease ammonia levels? | aminoglycosides (neomycin sulfate & kanamycin) |
With what drug can you develop arthropathies or joint diseases? | fluoroquindones, (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin) |
Which drug do you not take with multivitamins, calcium, magnesium, iron, or zinc because it decreases absorption to 90%? | fluoroquinolones |
Which drug causes hepatic necrosis? | sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfasalazine (sulfonamides) |
Which drug can cause CNS toxicity? | metronidazole (Flagyl) |
Which drug can cause optic neuritis? | Chloramphenicol (Chlorofair) & ethambutol (Myambutol) |
Which drug is used for Chronic UTI's? | methenamine (Mandelamin, Hiprex, Urex) |
What class & drug was developed to treat VRE? | streptogramins: quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid) |
Which drug was developed for MRSA other than vancomycin? | oxazolidinones: linezolid (Zyvox) |
Which drug can cause Red Man syndrome? | Vancomycin (Vancocin) |
Which drug should you avoid foods with tyramine & aluminum antacids? | isoniazid (INH) |
Which drug causes reddish brown secretions? | rifampin (Rifadin) |
Zidovudine (Retrovir, AZT) | NRTI, take on empty stomach, avoid IM, prophylaxis HIV and positive mom at 14 wks and baby 6 wks |
didanosine (ddI, Videx) | NRTI, BID, pancreatitis, periph. nerupathy |
stavudine (d4T, Zerit) | NRTI, slows HIV progression, peripheral neuropathy |
Nevirapine (Viramune) | NNRTI, rash, fever N/V/D, never given alone, monitor renal and liver |
saquinavir | Protease Inhibitors or PI |
Acyxlovir (Zovirax) | antiretroviral for herpesvirus, prototype, oral 7-10 days, topical finger cot, Q3x6 x7 days, w/food, stay hydrated, nephrotoxic (IV), admin specifics |
cidofovir (Vistide) | antiretroviral for herpesvirus, IV for CMV retinitis in AIDS patients, toxic |
famciclovir (Famvir) | antiretroviral for herpesvirus, 3x/day |
vlacyclovir (Vlatrex) | antiretroviral for herpesvirus, DOC genital herpes |
ribavirin (Virazole) | antiretroviral for herpesvirus, for RSV, inhaled, CI preg ladies to be around |
docosanol (Abreva) | antiretroviral for herpesvirus, prevents viral entry/ replication |
amantadine (Symmetrel) | drugs for influenza,xerestomia, antiviral/antiparkinson, neuro S/E |
rimantadine (Flumadine) | drugs for influenza, prevent/tx influenza A |
oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu) | drugs for influenza, tx influenza A and B |
Zanamivir (Relenza) | drugs for influenza, like Tamiflu, shortens sx of illness |
interferon alfa-2a (Roferon-A) | interferons |
interferon alfa-2b (Intron-A) | interferons |
peginterferon alfa-2a (Pegasys) | pegylated formulation |
peginterferon alfa-2b (PEG-Intron) | pegylated formulation |
Ecchinacea | antimicrobial & antiviral, increases phagycytosis, antiviral, for cold and flu |
Tea Tree Oil | Antifungal, antifungal, used topically (diluted) |
Peniccillin | Bacterialcidal, disrupt cell wall synthesis, -cidal |
Cephalosporins | Bacterialcidal, gram neg infections, cheaper than penicillin,-cidal, generational |
Aminoglycosides | Bacterialcidal, IV/60MIN, -cidal, prevents protein synthesis, "big bad boy", combo for serious infections |
Fluoroquinolones | Bacterialcidal, -cidal, alters DNA, photophobia, joint probs |
Vancomycin | Bacterialcidal, red man syndrome, "big bad guy", monitor peak and trough, IV/6OMIN/SLOW, -cidal |
Rifampin (Rifadin) | Bacterialcidal, |
Macrolides | Bacterialcidal & Bacteriostatic |
Bactrim/Septra/SMZ-TMP | Bacterialcidal & Bacteriostatic |
Lincomycins/Lincosides | Bacterialcidal & Bacteriostatic, IV/slow/60 min, avoid extravasations, static/cidal, Psuedomembranous colitis |
Chlorofair | Bacterialcidal & Bacteriostatic, can lead to blindness, static/cidal |
INH | Bacterialcidal & Bacteriostatic |
Tetracylcline | Bacteriostatic, inhibit protein synthesis, static, broad |
Sulfonamides | Bacteriostatic, static, folic acid blockers |
What 2 classes need a peak & trough drawn? | Aminoglycosides & Vancomycin |
What 2 drugs have antabuse reaction? | Flagyl & Cephalosporins |
DOC for herpes | valacyclovir (Valtrex) |
RSV drug | ribavirin (Virazole) |
Grapefruit juice increase this drug | Cyclosporine (Sandimmune) |
Contraindicated for yeast allergy | Hepatitis B Vaccine |
What drug do you need to premedicate? | Amphotericin B |
What drug class can penetrate CNS & bone? | azole antifungal |
Drug given with food or antacids? | INH |
Drug given with milk or food? | urinary tract antiseptics & nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin) |
Drug given with food? | NNRTI Nevirapin (Viramine) & efavirenz (Sustiva) & Acyclovir (Zovirax) & Lincosamdies/mycins |
Drug given within 2 hrs of a high calorie/fat meal | PI saquinavir |
Drug given with high fat meal | antihelminthic.. mebendazole (Vermox) |
Drug given within 1 hr before or after meals? | Penicillin |
oprelvekin (Neumega) | interleukin..platelet inhancer |
What drug decreases urine output by 75%? | cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral) |
fluconazol (Diflucan) | azole antifungals, DOC mouth and throat yeast infection, avoid alcohol/tylenol, increases blood sugar, monitor renal and hepatic, CNS and bone tx |
ketoconazole (Nizoral) | azole antifungals for athlete's foot |
itraconazole (Sporanox) | azole antifungals for athlete's foot |
miconazole (Monistat IV, Micatin topical) | azole atnifungal for tinea infections |
clotrimazole (Mycelex, Lotrimin, Gyne-lotrimin) | azole atnifungal for tinea infections |
nystatin (Mycostatin, Nilstat) | antifungal for superficials swoosh and spit, give immediately, shake, no water taken with it, |
terbinafine (Lamisil) | antifungal for nail fungus |
tolnaftate (Tinactin, Aftate) | antifungal for tineas |
terbinafine (Lamisil & itraconazole (Sporanox) | accumulate in nail beds |
chloroquine (Aralen) | Protozoal drug for malaria, prophylaxis, reduces fever in <48 hrs, test for G6PD deficiency |
hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Plaquenil) | Protozoal drug for malaria, psoriasis and RA |
metronidazole (Flagyl) | Protozoal drug for non malaria, amebiasis and anaerobic infections, discolored urine, metallic taste, avoid alcohol, CI first trimester |
tinidazole (Tindamax) | Protozoal drug for non malaria, similar to metronidazole |
pentamidine (Pentam 300 & Nebupent) | Protozoal drug for non malaria, tx pneumonia and HIV patients |
mebendazole (Vermox) | anti helminthic drugs (for roundworm), tape tested, chew food well and eat fats, s/e- diarrhea |
DOC for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | Tetracycline |
Treats PCP | sulfonamides & pentamidine (Pentam 300 & Nebupent) |
Which penicillin combination is often used in kids | Augmentin |
erythromycin | macrolides, static/ cidal, hearing probs, don't crush, inhibits protein synthesis, PC, superinfection |
azithromycin (Zithromax) | macrolides, (ZPACK), 1 time daily for 3 days, semisynthetic, cause GI probe |
clarithromycin (Biaxin) | macrolides, |
dirithromycin (Dynabac) | macrolides |
Z Pack | azithromycin (Zithromax) |
gentamicin sulfate (Garamycin) | aminoglycosides, for bowel surgeries |
neomycin sulfate (Neo-IM, Mycifradin) | aminoglycosides, decreases amino levels in liver failure |
kanamycin (Kantrex) | aminoglycosides |
streptomycin sulfate tobramycin sulfate (Nebcin) | aminoglycosides |
floxacin drugs | Fluoroquinolones or quinolones |
nalidixic acid (NegGram) | Fluoroquinolones or quinolones, bacterial resistance |
clindamycin (Cleocin) | Lincosamides/Lincomycins |
lincomycin (Lincocin) | Lincosamides/LincomycinsLincosamides/Lincomycins, avoid extravasations |
isoniazid (INH) | Antitubercular drugs |
paraminosalicylic acid (PAS) | Antitubercular drugs substitute for ethambutol for kids under 7 |