Question | Answer |
Sections of the orchestra | woodwinds, brass, stings, and percussion |
String Instruments | violins, violas, cellos, double bass, and harp |
Brass Instruments | Trumpet, french horn, tuba, and trombone |
Woodwind Instruments | flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon |
Percussion Instruments | Timpani, bass drum, snare drum, xylophone, tambourine, castanets and gong |
Woodwind Section | -made out of wood
-blow into instrument to make sound |
String Section | -oldest & largest section
-have strings and played with a bow |
Brass Section | -made out of metal
-produces sound when player buzzes lips
- |
Pitched Percussion | -definite pitch instruments |
non-pitched Percussion | -indefinite pitch instruments |
Romantic Period | -1825-1900
-rejected the enlightenment
-human emotion as basis of art [extreme]
-idealized individual over society
-Supernatural and nature |
Lied | -Poem set to music
-voice and piano
-operatic vocal style
Ex. Erlking
-German
-Man and piano |
Song Cycle | -Song Collections published and performed as a single work
Ex. Ring on My Finger
-woman's voice and piano
-German |
Character Piece | -Instrumental work for piano
Ex. Nocture No. 2
-strictly piano
-happy sound |
Program Music | -Orchestral work
-larger orchestra
Ex. Fantastic Symphony |
Fantastic Symphony | -conceived as a musial description of a specific program
-has 5 different sections |
Idee fixe | -uses a musical theme
-fixed idea |
musical nationalism | -national opera
-reflected the rise of nationalism in Europe |
Rubato | -Endless melody
-no strict tempo
Ex. Tristan und Isolde
-younger woman |
Bel Canto | -beautiful singing and melodies
-singing and symphony accompaniment
Ex. La Boheme
-Older and deeper sounding woman |
Grand Opera | -ultimate romantic genre
-spectacular productions
-combined all arts
Ex. Tristan und Isolde and La Boheme |
Franz Schubert | -composer of the lied
-1797-1829
Work: Erlking |
Robert Schumann | -1810-1856
-German Composer and writer
Work: Ring on my finger |
Frederic Chopin | 1810-1849
-French-polish composer
-wrote exclusively for the piano
Works: Prelude in E minor and Nocture No.2 |
Hector Berlioz | -1803-1869
-French composer and critic
-composed for large ensembles
Work: Fantastic Symphony |
Richard Wagner | -1813-1883
-German Composer
-rejected italian opera
-composed music, story, and lyrics
-nordic mythology and themes
-Rubato style: endless melody
Work: Tristan und Isolde |
Giuseppe Verdi | -1813-1901
-National style |
Giacomo Puccini | -1858-1924
Verismo Style: realism
Work: La Boheme |
Modernism | 1900-1960
-technology
-reflected profound changes in Western culture in early 20th century
-end of Eurocentrism
-increased use of dissonance, no resolution |
Impressionism | -irregular phrases
-avoidance of traditional harmonic progres
ambiguity on form
-unresolved dissonance
-whole tone scales |
Primitivism | directness, exoticism, non-urban cultures |
Expressionism | -irregular, episodic, fragmentory form and structure
-abrupt musical language
-clashing dissonances
-great emotional intensity
-interest in the common man |
Atonal Music | -emancipation of dissonance
-logical extension of historical trends
Ex. Perriot Lunaire |
12 tone/serial music | -Schoenberg
-organized 12 tones into a series to avoid creating a tonal center
-pitch series |
Claude Debussy | -1862-1918
-impressionist composer
-rebelled against german romanticism
-used non-tonal scales
Ex. Piano Prelude, Voiles |
Igor Stravinsky | -1882-1971
-born in russia worked in paris
-collaborated with ballet russe
Ex. Rite of Spring |
Arnold Schoenberg | -1874-1951
-austrian composer and teacher
-created atonal music
Ex. Pierrot Lunaire |
Anton Webern | -studied with schoenberg
-extended serialsim beyond pitch
-extremely concentrated and concise style |
Charles Ives | -1874-1954
-american original
-self-taught pioneer
-embraced american music: marches, hymns, etc.
Ex. Three Places in New England
-polytonal
-bands all mixed together |
Aaron Copland | -1900-1990
-American Nationalism
-First American composer to achieve international status
-embraced nationalism in 1930s
-used folk songs in his works
Ex. Appalachian Spring |
John Cage | -1912-1992
-Pushed the envelope
-avant-garde american composer
-influenced by zen buddhism
-studied with schoenberg
-electronic music
-prepared piano: weights on strings
Ex. Perilous night |
Duke Ellington | -1899-1974
-composer, pianist, bandleader
-approached jazz as concert music
Ex. Sepia Panorama |
Leonard Bernstein | -1918-1990
-composer, conductor, pianist
-1st American conductor to gain get worldwide acclaim
Ex. West Side Story: Tonight |