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Psychology Ch. 2
Critical Thinking and Research Methods
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An approach to the examination of arguments based on skepticism, logical analysis, and insistence upon the importance of empirical evidence | Critical Thinking |
| A science that obtains evidence by experience or experimentation | Empirical Science |
| An approach to acquiring or confirming knowledge that is based on gathering measurable evidence through observation and experimentation; evidence is often obtained to test hypothesis | Scientific Method |
| Within the science of psychology, a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research | Hypothesis |
| An association or relationship among variables, as we might find between height and weight or between study habits and school grades | Correlation |
| A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study | Selection Factor |
| Repeat, reproduce, copy | Replicate |
| Part of a population | Sample |
| A complete group of organisms or events | Population |
| To extend from the particular to the general; to apply observations based on a sample to a population | Generalize |
| A sample drawn so that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate | Random Sample |
| A sample drawn so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample | Stratified Sample |
| A source of bias or error in research reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not | Volunteer Bias |
| A carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests | Case Study |
| A method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behavior | Survey |
| A scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments | Naturalistic Observation |
| Oberservations and measurement of observations; questionnaires and the correlation method; cousin to Charles Darwin | Sir Francis Galton |
| Was involved in a railroad accident that led psychologists to become interested in which parts of the brain affected the personality of an individual | Phineas Gage |
| Computerized axial tomography; passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures that structures that reflect the X-rays from various angles, generating a 3-D image of the brain; reveals deformities in shape and structure b/c of blood clots, tumors | CAT Scan |
| Positron emission tomography; forms a computer-generated image of the activity of parts of the brain by tracing the amount of glucose used by these parts; more glucose=more active | PET Scan |
| Functional magnetic resonance imaging; person lies in a powerful magnetic field and is exposed to radio waves that cause parts of the brain to emit signals measured from several angles; relies on subtle shifts in blood flow | fMRI |
| A mathematical method of determining whether one variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases | Correlational Method |
| A number between +1.00 and -1.00 that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables | Correlation Coefficient |
| A relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other also increases | Positive Correlation |
| A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases | Negative Correlation |
| A scientific method that seeks to confirm cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables | Experiment |
| In experiments, a condition received by participants so that its effects may be observed | Treatment |
| A condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed | Independent Variable |
| A measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable | Dependent Variable |
| In experiments, groups whose members obtain the treatment | Experimental Group |
| In experiments, groups whose members do not obtain the treatment, while other conditions are held constant | Control Group |
| A bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine | Placebo |
| In experimental terminology, being unaware of whether one has received a treatment or not | Blind |
| A condition in which a researcher expects or desires a certain outcome in a research study, possibly affecting the outcome | Experimenter Bias |
| A study in which neither the participants nor the observers know who has received the treatment | Double-Blind Study |
| Moral; referring to one's system of deriving standards for determining what is moral | Ethical |
| A participant's agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments | Informed Consent |
| To elicit information about a completed procedure | Debrief |
Created by:
Vanity
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