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ap pysch unit 1/2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Socrates and Plato | knowledge is innate; mind and body are distinct |
| Aristotle | love of data, knowledge is not preexisting and grows from experience, human knowledge is heavily dependent on sensory experience; mind and body are connected |
| John Locke | mind is blank state "white paper" upon which experience writes |
| Descartes | knowledge is innate; animal spirits; mind and body are distinct |
| Francis Bacon | one of founders of modern science, research on eagerness to selectively notice and remember events that confirm our beliefs, mind's hunger to perceive patterns in random events |
| empiricism | the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should,t therefore, rely on observation and experimentation; John Locke adds on to Francis Bacon's legacy which helps form this idea |
| structuralism | an early school pf psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind |
| introspection | (looking inward), self reflective, report elements of experience, sensations, images, feelings; used by Wilhem Wundt |
| Wilhem Wundt | invented first psychology lab in Lepzig, Germany, used introspection |
| functionalism | a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function--how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish--William James invents this , influenced by Charles Darwin |
| Mary Calkins | APA's first female president |
| Margaret Washburn | first female to receive degree in Psychology |
| William James | invented functionalism, wrote first psych textbook, Principles of Psychology |
| G Stanley Hall | worked at Johns Hopkins, first American psychology lab, set up APA |
| Titchener | Wilhem Wudnts student, invents structuralism |
| psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes |
| nature-nurture issue | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors, innate vs. experience |
| natural selection | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contribution to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
| neuroscience | how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences |
| evolutionary | how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes |
| behavior genetics | how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences |
| psychodynamic | how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts |
| behavioral | how we learn observable responses |
| cognitive | how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information |
| social-cultural | how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures |
| basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
| applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
| clinical psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy |
| free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
| psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
| unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories |
| id | contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding the immediate gratification |
| ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principles, satisfying the id s desires for pleasure rather than pain |
| superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations |
| psychosexual stages | the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
| 0edipus complex | boys develop both unconscious sexual desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father whom they consider a rival |
| phallic stages | boys seek genital stimulation |
| identification | the process by which according to Freud, children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos |
| fixation | according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an early psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved |
| defense mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| repression | basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
| regression | defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated |
| reaction formation | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. thus, many people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety arousing unconscious feelings |
| projection | people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
| rationalization | self justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions |
| displacement | shifts sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet |
| projective test | a personality test, such as the Rorsarch or TAT, that provides ambiguous stumulu deisnged to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
| Thematic Apperception Test | TAT a projective tttest in which people express their inner feelings and interests thorugh the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
| Rorsarch inkblot test | most widely used projective tewst, a set of 10 inkblots deisnged by Hermann Rorschacch, seeks to identify people s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
| Electra complex | oedipus complex for girls |
| collective unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history |
| self actualization | by Maslow, ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
| unconditional positive regard | accroding the Rogers an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
| inferiority complex | by Adler, idea that we still hold onto feelings of inferiority from childhood |
| self concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to question WHO AM I |
| traits | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self report inventories and peer reports |
| factor analysis | a statistical procedure that has been used to identify clusters of related items |
| Myer Briggs Type Indicator | influenced by Carl Jung, mirrors declared preferences |
| MMPI | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. originally developed to identify emoitonal disorders; this test is now used for many other screening purposes; detects lie scale, detects abnormal personality tendencies |
| empirically derived test | a test such as the MMPI developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
| BIG 5 | emotional stability, agreeableness, openness, extreversion, conscientiousness |
| Eysencks | emotional stability-instability, extraversion-introversion |
| genes | have much to say about temperament and behavioral style that help define our personality |
| social cognitive perspective | views behavior as influenced by interatction between persons and their social context |
| reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors |
| personal control | our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless |
| external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate |
| internal locus of control | the perception that one controls one's own fate |
| learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
| positive psychology | by Martin Seligman, the scientific study of optimal human functioning' aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive |
| spotlight effect | overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders |
| self esteem | one's feelings of high or low self worth |
| self serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
| individualism | giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications |
| collectivism | giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly) |
| terror management theory | proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death |
| barnum effect | name given to a type of subjective validation in which a person finds personal meaning in statements that could apply to many people. |
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ericakeamy
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