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chapter 1
Chapter 1 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology=The science of behavior and mental processes | Survey=A research method that involves giving people questionnaires or special interviews designed to obtain descriptions of their attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and intentions. |
| Critical Thinking=The process of assessing claims and making judgments on the basis of well-supported evidence. | Control Group=In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment or provides some other baseline against which to compare the performance or response of the experimental group. |
| Hypothesis=In scientific research, a prediction stated as a specific, testable proposition about a phenomenon. | Independent Variable=The variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment. |
| Variable=A factor or characteristic that is manipulated or measured in research | Dependent Variable=In an experiment, the factor affected by the independent variable. |
| Theory=An integrated set of propositions that can be used to account for, predict, and even suggest ways of controlling certain phenomena | Hindsight Bias=The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
| Naturalistic Observation=The process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment. | False Consensus Effect=The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
| Case Study=A research method involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a particular individual, group, or situation. | Population=All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study |
| Correlation Coefficient=A statistic, r, that summarizes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. | Scatter Plot=A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables |
| Illusory Correlation=The perception of a relationship where none exists | Experiment=A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process |
| Placebo Effect=Experimental results caused by expectations alone | Random Assignment=Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups |
| Mode=The most frequently occurring score in a distribution | Mean=The arithmetic average of a distribution |
| Median=The middle score in a distribution | Range=The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
| Standard Deviation=A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | Culture=The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Behaviorism=A field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measureable behaviors and not on mental processes. | Functionalism=An attempt to understand how mental processes produce useful behaviors |
| Correlation Coefficient=A statistic, r, that summarizes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. | Scatter Plot=A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables |
| Illusory Correlation=The perception of a relationship where none exists | Experiment=A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process |
| Placebo Effect=Experimental results caused by expectations alone | Random Assignment=Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups |
| Mode=The most frequently occurring score in a distribution | Mean=The arithmetic average of a distribution |
| Median=The middle score in a distribution | Range=The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
| Standard Deviation=A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | Culture=The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Behaviorism=A field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measureable behaviors and not on mental processes. | Functionalism=An attempt to understand how mental processes produce useful behaviors |
| Correlation Coefficient=A statistic, r, that summarizes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. | Scatter Plot=A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables |
| Illusory Correlation=The perception of a relationship where none exists | Experiment=A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process |
| Placebo Effect=Experimental results caused by expectations alone | Random Assignment=Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups |
| Mode=The most frequently occurring score in a distribution | Mean=The arithmetic average of a distribution |
| Median=The middle score in a distribution | Range=The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
| Standard Deviation=A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | Culture=The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Behaviorism=A field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measureable behaviors and not on mental processes. | Functionalism=An attempt to understand how mental processes produce useful behaviors |
| Introspection=Looking within oneself. | Nature-Nurture Issue=The question of the relative roles played by heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) in determining differences in behavior. |
| Structuralism=An attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind. | Wilhelm Wundt=Set up the first psychological laboratory in Leipzeg, Germany |
| Edward Titchener=Believed the main question of psychology was the nature of mental experiences. He called his approach structuralism. | William James=The founder of American psychology |
| John B Watson=Known as the father of behaviorism. | Sigmund Freud=Father of psychoanalysis |
| Ivan Pavlov=Salivation | BF Skinner=Operant conditioning |
| G. Stanley Hall=First President Of APA, first lab in USA | Jean Piaget=The study of cognitive development in children |
| Carl Rogers=1 founder of humanistic approach 2 psychology | Mary Whiton Calkins=1st female president APA- Psych grad |
| Charles Darwin=Natural Selection | Dorothea Dix=1st generation of American Mental Asylums |
| Margaret Floy Washburn=1st woman Ph.D. in psychology | John B. Watson=Founder of Behaviorism & Observable behavior |
| E.B. Titchener=Named structuralism | Max Wertheimer=Founded Gestalt Psychology |
| industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology=the psychological study of people at work. | psychoanalyst=the study pf psychoanalysis |
| Empiricism=knowledge through experiences | Cognitive=Focuses on the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think |
| Humanistic=what makes us unique, free will and potential healthy individuals | Evolutionary=biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share |
| Gestalt Theory=a theory based on the idea that the whole of personal experience is different from simply the sum of its constituent elements | Psychoanalytic Theory=Personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior |
| Counseling Psychology=a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being | Clinical Psychology=a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| Socio-Cultural Psychology=the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking | Experimental group=A subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested. |
| Single blind Experiment=an experiment set up in such a way that subjects are kept uninformed of any details which might lead to bias | Double blind Experiment=Experimental technique in which neither the participants nor the researcher interacting with the participants is aware of the group or condition to which the participants have been assigned |
| Operational definitions=A precise description of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured | Validity=ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure |
| Reliability=the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting | Sample=A selected segment of the population used to represent the group that is being studied |
| Survey method=A questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group | Correlation=a statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the other |
| Descriptive statistics=statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and responses of groups of subjects | Inferential statistics=numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance |
| Normal Curve=bell-shaped curve that results when the values of a trait in a population are plotted against their frequency | Positive correlation=A finding that two factors vary systematically in the same direction, increasing or decreasing together |
| Negative correlation=A finding that two factors vary systematically inopposite directions, one increasing as the other decreases | Plato=Nature - ideas are innate and predetermined, believed mind and body were separate |
| Aristotle=Founder of empiricism, nurture, soul and body are interconnected | Locke=Founded Tabula Rasa, Nurture |
| Natural Selection=The driving force behind evolution, by which the environment "selects" the fittest organisms. | applied=those who make direct use of the findings of research psychologist |
| psychoanalytic approach=emphasizes importance of unconscious sexual motives and conflicts as determinants of behavior, personality traits and disorders are distinguished as effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas, Sigmund Freud | evolutionary psychology=natural selection occurs for behavioral as well as physical characteristics |
| longitudinal study=retest the same individual over a period of time | cross sectional study=test and compare individual of various ages |
| Psychiatrist=a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders; can prescribe medication | Confirmation bias=Tendency to search for information that suppors our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| Laboratory Observation=the study of behavior in a controlled situation | Nativism=policy protecting native inhabitant's interests |
| Rationalism=Practice Accepting Reason | Psychodynamic=The terms of conscious and unconscious thoughts |
| Psychologist=doctoral degree in psychology | Distribution=Dispersed |
| Central Tendency=Central location in a set of data | Variance=difference or inconsistency |
| Deceiving=To gain personal advantage | Debrief=Explain the purpose of the study |
Created by:
Valincea
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