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bacterial pharmacolo
self study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chemotherapeutic agents include... | antimicrobial drugs, antiparasitic drugs, antineoplastic drugs |
| antimicrobial drugs are subclassified into... | antibacterial, antiviral, andtifungal |
| any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease | chemotherapeutic drug |
| use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk | prophylaxis |
| refers to the range of microorganisms that an antimicrobial agent can kill or inhibit | spectrum of activity |
| antimicrobials effective against a limited array of microbial types. targets a specific cell coponent found only in certain microbes, for example, a drug effective mainly against gram positive bacteria...are said to have this... | narrow spectrum agent or activity |
| when antimicrobials are effective against a wide variety of microbial types. targets cell components common to most pathogens-for example, a drug effective against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria are said to have this... | broad spectrum of activity |
| the antimicrobial activity of a drug can be generally characterized in these three ways: | bactericidal vs bacteriostatic effect, may have a concentration dependent or time dependent killing effect, its spectrum of activity against different microbes |
| this type of antibiotic inhibit or stop the growth and reproduction of bacteria but do not kill them. But once you take the drug away they start growing again | bacteriostatic agents. A bacteriostatic drug works with the immune system to remove microorganisms from the body. in general, most protein synthesis inhibintrs are bacteriostatic agents. |
| this type of antibiotic kills the bacteria by interfering with a process essential for life. the use of this type of drug is critical when the immune system is weak or depressed (for example, due to a disease or toxicity). | bacteriocidal agents. they can have a concentration dependent or time dependent killing effect. in general, drugs that target the cell wall are bacteriocidal. |
| this type of bacterial agent is directly proportional to the amount of time that has passed by | bactericidal agent. |
| antimicrobials are usually classified by this? | what they target, or their mechanism of action |
| what are the five different targets for antibiotics | 1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis 2. disruption of cell membrane function 3. inhibition of protein synthesis 4. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis 5. action as antimetabolites |
| For antibiotics that affect the cell wall, their main target is this structure | peptidoglycan (it is essential to the growth and survival of bacteria) |
| what is the largest and most widely prescribed antibiotic class that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis?> | beta lactams |
| name four classes of beta lactams | penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems |
| what is the major source of resistance to beta lactam antibiotics? | beta lactamase |
| how do beta lactam antibiotics work? | they bind to PBP. PBP is unable to crosslink peptidoglycan chains, bacteria are unable to synthesize a stable cell wall, weakened cell wall leads to lysis of bacteria from osmotic pressure |
| beta lactams are not effective against this class of bacteria | methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)....because PBP is mutated |
| are beta lactams bactericidal or bacterostatic? | bacterocidal |
| what are the types of penicillin? | natural penicillin (penicillin G) penicicillinase resistant penicillin (nafcillin) extended spectrum penicillins: amoxicillin antipseudomonal penicillin (ticarcillin) |
| name the cephalosporins and their generations | 1st gen: cephalexin 2nd gen: cefoxitin 3rd gen: ceftriaxone 4th gen: cefepinne |
| 1st generation cephalosporins mainly active agains... | gram positive cocci |
| give an example of a carbapenem | imipenem |
| give an example of a monobactam | azteoronam |
| give an example of two antibiotics that target the cell membrane | polymyxin and daptomycin |
| give three classes and three examples of antibiotics that target protein synthesis | tetracyclines (doxycyclin) macrolides (erythromycin) aminoglycosides (gentamycin) |
| name two drugs that inhibit nucleotide synthesis and how they work | rifampin (inhibition of RNA polymerase) ciproflaxin (inhibition of DNA replicaiton) |
| generally speaking, which type of antibiotics are typically bacterostatic and what is the exception? | protein synthesis inhibitors are generally bacteriostatic, and the exception is aminoglycosides (AG's) which are bactericidal. |
| when the immune system is weak or depressed, which type of antibiotic is favored? | bactericidal |
| the lowest concentration of a drug that inhibits bacterial growth | minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) |
| beta lactam antibiotics are not effective against this type of bacteria because the PBP is mutated | methicillin resistant staph aureus (MRSA) |
Created by:
aferdo01
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