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Psych 101 Ch 123
Psychology class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| explore the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease | health psychology |
| subfield of psychology that mainly examines how the brain and the nervous system (and other biological processes)determine behavior. | behavioral neuroscience |
| branch of psychology that studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world | experimental psychology |
| focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making and language. | cognitive psychology |
| studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death | developmental psychology |
| deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders | clinical psychology |
| focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems | counseling psychology |
| the study of how people's thoughts feelings and actions are affected by others | social psychology |
| investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups. | cross cultural psychology |
| considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. | evolutionary psychology |
| focuses on the biological mechanisms, such as genes and chromosomes, that enable inherited behavior to unfold | behavioral genetics |
| focuses on he origin of psychological disorders in biological factors. | clinical neuropsychology |
| 3 major roles psychologists play in society? | teacher scientist clinical practitioner |
| Wundt's approach which focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other types of mental states and activites. | structuralism |
| where was the first psychologist lab? | germany |
| who ran the first psychologist? | Wilhelm Wundt |
| what year was the first psychology lab built in? | 1879 |
| procedure to study the structure of the mind has subjects describe in detail what they are experiencing when exposed to a stimulus | introspection |
| concentrated on what the mind does and how behavior functions | functionalism |
| emphasizes how perception is organized | Gestalt psychology |
| believes behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control. | psychodynamic |
| contends that people can control their behavior and that they naturally try to reach their full potential | humanistic |
| considers how people and nonhumans function biologically. ex: how individual nerve cells are joined together, how the inheritance of certain characteristics from parents and other ancestors influences behavior. | neuroscience perspective |
| approach that suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study | behavioral perspective |
| idea that behavior is caused primarily by choices that are made freely by the individual | free will |
| idea that people's behavior is produced primarily by factors outside their willful control | determinism |
| a prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested | hypothesis |
| is the translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed | operational definition |
| existing data, such as census documents, college records and newspaper clippings, examined to test a hypothesis | archival research |
| the investigator observes some naturally occurring behavior and doesn't make a change in the situation | naturalistic observation |
| a sample of people chosen to represent a larger group of interest(a population) is asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes. | survey research |
| an in depth, intensive investigation of a single individual or a smaller group. | case study |
| are behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in some way | variable |
| two sets of variables are examined to determine whether they are associated "correlated" | correlational research |
| manipulation implemented by the experimenter | treatment |
| the change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation | experimental manipulation |
| group that receives treatment | experimental group |
| group that receives no treatment | control group |
| condition that is manipulated by an experiment | independent variable |
| the variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable | dependent variable |
| participants are assigned to different experimental groups based on chance and chance alone | random assignment |
| a document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve | informed consent |
| factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment | experimental bias |
| participant knows what is expected of them | participant expectations |
| a false treatment such as a pill without any significant chemical properties or active ingredients | placebo |
| nerve cells, the basic elements of the nervous system | neurons |
| a cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons | dendrite |
| the part of the neuron that carries messages destined for other neurons | axon |
| small bulges at the end axons that send messages to other neurons | terminal buttons |
| the rule that neurons are either on or off | all or none law |
| a protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon. serves to increase the velocity with which electrical impulses travel through axons | myelin sheath |
| an electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron's axon when it is set off by a "trigger" changing the neuron's charge from negative to positive | action potential |
| specialized neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior, but also when a person simply observes another individual carrying out the same behavior | mirror neurons |
| the space between neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages. | synapse |
| chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrite | neurotransmitters |
| a chemical message that makes it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon | excitatory message |
| a chemical message that prevents or decreases the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire | inhibitory message |
| the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button | reuptake |
| permit certain neurotransmitters to remain active for a longer period at certain synapses in the brain, thereby reducing the symptoms of depression. | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
| location: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, some organs of the parasympathetic nervous system Effect: excitatory in brain and autonomic nervous system; inhibatory elsewhere Function: muscle movement, cognitive function | Acetylcholine (ACh) |
| Location: brain, spinal cord Effect: excitatory Function: memory | Glutamate |
| Location: brain, spinal cord Effect: main inhibitory neurotransmitter Function: eating, aggression, sleeping | GABA |
| Location: Brain Effect:inhibitory or excitatory Function: movement control, pleasure, reward | Dopamine |
| location: brain, spinal cord effect: inhibitory function: sleeping, eating, mood, pain, depression | serotonin |
| location: brain, spinal cord effect: primarily inhibitory, except in hippocampus function: pain suppression, pleasurable feelings, appetites, placebos | Endorphins |
| a bundle of neurons that leaves the brain and runs down the length of the back and is the main means of transmitting messages between the brain and the body | spinal cord |
| an automatic involuntary response to an incoming stimulus | reflex |
| part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord | CNS |
| made up of long axons and dendrites, it contains all parts of the nervous system other than the brain and spinal cord | peripheral nervous system |
| specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs | somatic |
| concerned with the parts of the body that function involuntarily without awareness | autonomic |
| attach electrodes to skull to measure brainwaves | EEG |
| records location of radioactive substances that were injected into the bloodstream | PET |
| records both function and structure of the brain by taking pictures rapidly in succession | FMRI |
| strong magnetic field directed at a very small part of the brain that interrupts brain function and may be used to treat depression | TMS |
| old brain | central core |
| part of old brain that controls breathing and heartbeat | medulla |
| part of old brain that controls motor information and regulates sleep | pons |
| controls balance | cerebellum |
| runs through mid brain into forebrain and activates other parts of the brain to produce bodily arousal | reticular information |
| responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control | hypothalamus |
| relay center for corex; handles incoming and outgoing signals | thalamus |
| part of brain that controls eating, aggression and reproduction | limbic system |
| new brain | cerebral cortex |
| one of the major regions of the cerebral cortex; the site of the higher mental processes such as thought, language, memory and speech | association areas |
| the part of the cortex that is largely responsible for the body's voluntary movement | motor area |
| the site in the brain of the tissue that corresponds to each of the senses, with the degree of sensitivity related to the amount of tissue | sensory area |
| changes in the brain that occur throughout the life span relating to the addition of new neurons, new interconnections between neurons, and the reorganization of information- processing areas. | neuroplasticity |
| the creation of new neurons | neurogenesis |
| a procedure in which a person learns to control through conscious thought internal physiological processes such as blood pressure, heart and respiration rate, skin temperature, sweating and the constriction of particular muscles | biofeedback |
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youngblack_ken
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