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Psychology Ch. 1
What is Psychology?
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes; seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes | Psychology |
| Nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, intelligence, language, thought, growth and development, stress and health, psychological disorders and ways of treatment, sexual behavior, and behavior in groups | Topics of Interest |
| A formulation of relationships underlying observed events | Theory |
| Research conducted without concern for immediate applications | Pure Research |
| Research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems | Applied Research |
| A college or university course, typically in a specialized field of study, that provides students with supervised practical application of previously studied theory | Practicum |
| Help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life; evaluate these problems through interviews and psychological tests; largest subgroup of psychologists | Clinical Psychology |
| Counsel and do psychotherapy with individuals, couples and families, and organizations such as businesses, hospitals, and schools; focus on the ways that behavior is influenced by individual's traits and environment | Counseling Psychology |
| Employed by school systems to identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with learning; help schools make decisions about placement of students in special classes | School Psychology |
| Focus on course planning and instructional methods for a school system; study how psychological factors such as motivation and intelligence, sociocultural factors such as poverty and acculturation, and teacher behavior | Educational Psychology |
| Study the changes-physical, cognitive, social, and personality-that occur throughout the lifespan | Developmental Psychology |
| Focus on goals such as identifying and measuring human traits; determining influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior; and explaining psychological disorders | Personality Psychology |
| Primarily concerned with the nature and causes of individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations; focus on external or social influences | Social Psychology |
| Study the ways that people and both the natural and human-made environments influence one another | Environmental Psychology |
| Specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion | Experimental Psychology |
| Focus on the relationships between people and work | Industrial Psychology |
| Study the behavior of people in organizations such as business | Organizational Psychology |
| Make technical systems more user friendly | Human Factors Psychology |
| Study the behavior of shoppers in order to predict and influence their behavior | Consumer Psychology |
| Examine the ways in which behavior and mental processes such as attitudes are related to physical health | Health Psychology |
| Work with criminal justice agencies to apply psychological expertise hostage negotiations, police assessment of threats, decision making of use of deadly force, interrogation of offenders and witnesses, and terrorism | Forensic Psychology |
| Help people improve their performance in sports; help athletes concentrate on performance instead of crowd and use cognitive strategies such as positive visualization | Sports Psychology |
| Book on psychology by Aristotle whose title translates to "About the Psyche" | Peri Psyches |
| Suggested a research method that is still used in psychology based on the advice "know thyself" | Socrates |
| Careful examination of one's own thoughts and emotions to gain self-knowledge | Introspection |
| Used introspection to try to discover the basic elements of experience; founded structuralism along with students | Wundt |
| The school of psychology that argues the mind consists of three basic elements-sensations, feelings, and images-that combine to form experience | Structuralism |
| Believed that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience | Structuralists |
| Major figure of development of psychology in U.S. toward end of 19th century; focused on the relation between conscious experience and behavior; founder of functionalism | William James |
| The school of psychology that emphasizes the uses or functions of the mind and behavior rather than just the elements of experience | Functionalism |
| Looked at how our experience helps us function more adaptively in our environments | Functionalists |
| The founder of American behaviorism | John Watson |
| The school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses | Behaviorism |
| Harvard psychologist who was other major contributor to behaviorism; believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so | B.F. Skinner |
| A stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response | Reinforcement |
| Three founders of the school of Gestalt Psychology | Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler |
| The school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns | Gestalt Psychology |
| Research of a colony of apes on the Canary Islands during World War I gave insight into the learning process of insight | Wolfgang Kohler |
| In Gestalt Psychology the sudden reorganization of perceptions, allowing the sudden solution of a problem | Insight |
| Founder of psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud |
| The school of psychology that asserts that much of our behavior and mental processes are governed by unconscious ideas and impulses that have their origins in childhood conflicts | Psychoanalysis |
| The view that our behavior and mental processes have been shaped, at least in part, by natural selection as our ancestors tried to meet our prehistoric and historic challenges | Evolutionary Perspective |
| An inborn pattern of behavior that is triggered by a particular stimulus | Instinctive |
| The approach to psychology that seeks to understand the nature of the links between biological processes and structures such as the functioning of the brain, the endocrine system, and heredity, on the one hand, and behavior and mental processes on other | Biological Perspective |
| The approach to psychology that focuses on the nature of consciousness and mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, problem solving, decision making, judgment, language, and intelligence | Cognitive Perspective |
| The philosophy and school of psychology that asserts that people are conscious, self-aware, and capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior | Humanism |
| The view that people are free and responsible for their own behavior | Existentialism |
| Stress the importance of subjective experience and assert that people have the freedom to make choices | Humanistic-Existential Psychology |
| The humanistic perspective is grounded in the work of these two men | Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow |
| Focused less on unconscious processes and more on conscious choice and self-direction | Neoanalyst |
| Two famous neoanalysts | Karen Horney and Erik Erikson |
| A school of psychology in the behaviorist tradition that includes cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior; formally termed social-learning theory | Social-Cognitive Theory |
| The use of mental processes to perceive and mentally represent the world, think, and engage in problem solving and decision making | Cognition |
| The view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes | Sociocultural Perspective |
| Suggest that people can modify or even create their own environments | Social-Cognitive Theorists |
| A group characterized by common features such as heritage, history, race, and language; highlight the impact of social, political, and economic factors on human behavior and development | Ethnic Group |
| The culturally defined concepts of masculinity and femininity | Gender |
| Pursued a career in psychology, taught at Johns Hopkins and Columbia universities, and formulated the theory of color vision | Christine Ladd-Franklin |
| The first woman to receive a Ph.D is psychology | Margaret Floy Washburn |
| The first psychologist to study psychological gender differences; wrote The Mental Traits of Sex | Helen Bradford Thompson |
| The first female president of the American Psychological Association; turned down her doctorate degree after completing all requirements; founded psychological lab at Wellesley College in 1891 | Mary Calkins |
| First African American to receive a Ph.D in psychology but had to do so in Germany | Gilbert Haven Jones |
| First African American psychologist to be published in a major psychological journal | J. Henry Alston |
| African American psychologists who played major roles in desegregation and the education of African American children | Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark |
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